Do People Choose to Be Obese? Are you sure?

We live in a time when the body is constantly being observed, judged and told about. Yet, of all bodies, that of the obese person is the most easily stigmatized and misunderstood. But are we really aware of what it means to live with obesity?

Many believe that obesity is a choice, a manifestation of weakness or lack of willpower. But behind every body are stories, daily struggles, biological and environmental challenges that go beyond the superficiality of easy judgment. Every obese person carries with them a unique experience of genetic factors, trauma, social pressures and difficulties that we cannot even imagine.

This message is not for those who have already understood the burden of judgment and discrimination, but for those who still look down on them, those who reduce a person to his or her physical appearance, those who are convinced that obesity is just a matter of "lack of discipline." It is for those who, without reflection, spread stereotypes and harm with insensitive words or looks.

What we want to make clear is that obesity is not a simple condition. It is not a "mistake" or a "lack." It is a complex condition that deserves respect, understanding and support. Those living with obesity do not need to be judged or condemned, but to be supported and welcomed. Because, in the end, we are all human beings, with dreams, difficulties and rights, regardless of our bodies.

If we really want to build a more just and inclusive society, we must learn to look beyond appearances. We learn to see people for who they are, not what they appear to be. And only when we put aside prejudice and ignorance can we finally welcome every body with the dignity it deserves.

What is obesity and what are the numbers

Obesity is not a choice, it is a medical condition

Obesity is often reduced to a cosmetic problem, but it is much more than that. It is not a matter of missing will or poor choices; it is a complex medical condition, influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, psychological, and behavioral factors. Obesity is not a "choice." It is a chronic disease recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO), involving excessive accumulation of body fat and posing a serious risk to physical and mental health.

Those who continue to reduce obesity to a "personal flaw" ignore the reality of those who live with it every day, unaware that behind every body is an invisible struggle, a set of challenges that cannot be understood at first glance. Obesity is not a lifestyle choice; it is a disease that deserves respect, support and understanding, not contempt. It is not the body that must change to fit the standards of an insensitive society, but society itself that must learn to be more empathetic, more inclusive, and more aware.

Here are some scientific sources and references to support the statement that obesity is a medical condition and not a choice:

1. World Health Organization (WHO):
   
   • WHO defines obesity as a medical condition characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat that can adversely affect health. Obesity is recognized as a chronic disease with significant implications for physical and mental health.
   • Source: World Health Organization (WHO) - Obesity and Overweight.
2. American Medical Association (AMA):
   
   • In 2013, the AMA classified obesity as a chronic disease, an important step in recognizing its multifactorial causes, which include genetic, metabolic, psychological, behavioral, and environmental. This classification changed the approach toward the management of obesity, emphasizing the need for medical treatment.
   • Source: American Medical Association (AMA) - Obesity as a Disease AMA Journal of Ethics.
3. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK):
   
   • The NIDDK, part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), explains that obesity is a complex disease involving genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors, and that the accumulation of excess body fat can cause health problems such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and many others.
   • Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) - Overweight & Obesity. 
4. The Lancet:
   
   • An article published in The Lancet points out that obesity is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases and that it is not simply a matter of "will." The authors point out that obesity is influenced by multiple factors, including biological, psychological and environmental.
   • Source: The Lancet - The causes of obesity: insights from genetics, environment, and behavioral factors.
5. Endocrine Society:
   
   • The Endocrine Society recognizes that obesity is a complex endocrine disorder involving biological changes in the body, including those related to metabolism, and that it is not simply a matter of choosing to eat less or move more. Research has shown that obese people may have difficulty losing weight because of biological factors that affect appetite and metabolism.
   • Source: Endocrine Society - Obesity as a Disease.
6. Obesity Reviews:
   
   • An article published in the journal Obesity Reviews analyzes the causes of obesity, pointing out that it is the result of a complex interaction between genetics, environment, and individual behaviors. The review of scientific studies shows that obesity is not simply a matter of lack of self-control, but a condition that requires specific treatments and understanding.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - Understanding the multifactorial causes of obesity.

It's not just about "overeating"

Obesity is not a simple equation of "eat too much and move too little." Although diet and physical activity are important factors, to reduce obesity to this superficial view is to ignore the complexity of the disease. It is a condition that involves genetic, hormonal, social and psychological factors. It is not just the result of poor choices, but a disease that can be influenced by circumstances beyond the control of those affected.

Those who think that obesity is just a matter of self-discipline do not understand that behind every person is a struggle that cannot be seen, made up of variables that cannot be judged superficially. Each individual is unique, and his or her condition cannot be reduced to a simple judgment. Obesity is a complex battle that deserves understanding, not judgments.

Here are some scientific sources that confirm that obesity is a complex condition, influenced by numerous factors beyond the simple equation of "eating too much and moving too little."

1. Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health:
   
   • The Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health describes obesity as a chronic disease involving various factors, including genetics, environment, behavior, and hormonal factors. The idea that obesity is only the result of eating too much and moving too little is a reductive interpretation that does not take into account the many factors that influence body weight.
   • Source: Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health - The Obesity Epidemic.
2. The National Institutes of Health (NIH):
   
   • The NIH emphasizes that obesity is the result of a complex interaction of genetic, environmental, psychological, and behavioral factors, and cannot be reduced to eating behavior and physical activity alone. Genetic and hormonal factors, for example, play a crucial role in determining how the body manages weight.
   • Source: National Institutes of Health (NIH) - Obesity and Overweight
3. Endocrine Society:
   
   • The Endocrine Society recognizes that obesity is a complex disease involving numerous factors, including hormones that regulate appetite, metabolism, and fat storage. It is not just a matter of food or physical activity, but also of alterations in the body's biological systems that can affect body weight in ways beyond voluntary control.
   • Source: Endocrine Society - Obesity and Endocrine Function.
4. Obesity Action Coalition:
   
   • The Obesity Action Coalition states that obesity is a complex disease that cannot be reduced to "eating too much." It is the result of complex interactions between genetics, environment, psychology and hormonal factors. To treat obesity as a matter of lack of self-discipline is a shallow and limited view.
   • Source: Obesity Action Coalition - What Causes Obesity? OAC.
5. The Lancet:
   
   • An article in The Lancet explores the multidimensionality of obesity, emphasizing that it is not just a matter of overeating or physical inactivity. Genetic, hormonal, psychological and socioeconomic factors all play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of obesity. The article criticizes the reductive view that associates obesity only with bad habits and lack of self-control.
   • Source: The Lancet - Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here?
6. American Heart Association (AHA):
   
   • The American Heart Association recognizes that obesity is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. It is not simply the result of individual choices, but the result of a combination of factors that include biological, psychological and social influences. The simplified view of obesity as a matter of "eating too much" has been challenged in numerous studies.
   • Source: American Heart Association - Obesity and Heart Disease AHA.
7. Obesity Reviews:
   
   • An article published in Obesity Reviews explores the complex nature of obesity, arguing that it is not the result of poor lifestyle choices, but a condition influenced by multiple biological, psychological and environmental factors. The research shows that obesity is a disease that is beyond individual control and deserves a multidimensional approach.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - The Pathophysiology of Obesity: Understanding the Complex Mechanisms.

Genetics and hormones: factors beyond behavior

Numerous studies have shown that genetics plays a determining role in obesity. Some individuals are simply more genetically predisposed to store body fat. The genetic variants that influence metabolism, appetite, and fat distribution are factors that go far beyond eating behavior, and are beyond a person's control.

In addition, obesity is often linked to hormonal imbalances that disrupt the body's normal functioning. Hormones such as leptin, which regulates satiety, and insulin, which manages sugar metabolism, are critical to maintaining a healthy balance between energy consumption and storage. When these hormones are not functioning properly, the ability to control weight becomes an insurmountable challenge. For many people, biological imbalances make it difficult, if not impossible, to regulate their weight, regardless of personal will or choice.

Here are some scientific sources that support the idea that genetics and hormonal imbalances are determining factors in obesity, beyond dietary behavior and personal choices:

1. American Society for Nutrition (ASN):
   
   • Genetics plays a crucial role in determining obesity risk. Genetic variants can influence metabolism, appetite, and body fat distribution, making some people more susceptible to weight gain than others. The influence of genetics on obesity is well documented, and research is examining how different genetic variants may influence the risk of developing obesity.
   • Source: American Society for Nutrition - Genetic Factors in Obesity ASN.
2. Nature Reviews Endocrinology:
   
   • The journal Nature Reviews Endocrinology has published numerous articles exploring the role of hormones in obesity. For example, hormonal imbalances involving leptin, insulin, and other regulatory hormones can impair the body's ability to maintain a healthy weight. When these hormones do not function properly, weight regulatory mechanisms become dysfunctional, and weight control becomes extremely difficult.
   • Source: Nature Reviews Endocrinology - The role of leptin in regulating body weight.
3. Journal of Clinical Investigation:
   
   • Studies published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation have shown that genetics have a significant impact on the risk of developing obesity. Research suggests that genetic variants may influence the body's response to nutrition and metabolism, and that these genetic factors may interact with the environment to determine body weight.
   • Source: Journal of Clinical Investigation - Genetics of Obesity JCI.
4. Endocrine Society:
   
   • The Endocrine Society explores the complexity of obesity, highlighting the key role of hormonal imbalances. Hormones such as leptin, which regulates feelings of satiety, and insulin, which manages sugar utilization in the body, are closely linked to weight control. When these hormones are altered, a person's ability to maintain a healthy weight can be compromised.
   • Source: Endocrine Society - Obesity and Endocrine Function.
5. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology:
   
   • An article published in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology points out that hormonal imbalances, such as those involving leptin and insulin, are crucial in obesity. It also highlights how the hypothalamus, the metabolic regulatory center in the brain, can be affected by genetic and hormonal signals that alter eating behavior and weight management.
   • Source: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology - Endocrine regulation of body weight.
6. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition:
   
   • The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition has published studies on genetic factors that contribute to obesity. The influence of specific genes on fat metabolism and storage has been widely documented, and studies suggest that these genetic factors may make some people more likely to develop obesity, regardless of their eating habits.
   • Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition - Genetic influences on obesity AJCN.
7. Diabetes Care:
   
   • Diabetes Care has published research linking obesity to hormonal imbalances, such as those affecting insulin production and function. Insulin resistance, a common phenomenon among obese people, is associated with metabolic dysfunction that makes it difficult for the body to regulate body weight, and this can be exacerbated by genetic factors.
   • Source: Diabetes Care - Obesity and Insulin Resistance Diabetes Care.

The obesogenic environment: the society that fosters obesity

In addition to genetic and hormonal factors, the environment in which we live plays a crucial role in the onset of obesity. In modern cities, food policies and social habits often create an "obesogenic environment," where calorie-dense food is easy to obtain and physical activity is hindered by sedentariness. People find themselves trapped in a vicious cycle where they are continually exposed to unhealthy foods, while spaces and opportunities for movement and exercise are limited.

In addition, those living in disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds face additional difficulties. Healthy food is often more expensive and difficult to obtain, while foods high in sugar and fat, which fuel obesity, are cheaper and abundant. This makes it much easier to fall into unhealthy eating habits, increasing the risk of developing obesity, often without the person really having the opportunity to make different choices.

Here are some scientific sources, different from those previously provided, that explore the influence of the obesogenic environment in promoting obesity:

1. The Lancet:
   
   • A study published in The Lancet examines how environmental factors and food policies can foster an obesogenic environment. Modern cities, characterized by easy access to calorie-dense foods and few opportunities for physical activity, contribute to the rise in obesity. Public policies that encourage unhealthy food consumption and sedentary lifestyle are recognized as factors fueling the global obesity crisis.
   • Source: The Lancet - The Global Syndemic of Obesity, Undernutrition, and Climate Change.
2. Obesity Reviews:
   
   • The journal Obesity Reviews analyzes the impact of the obesogenic environment on public health. The authors explore how access to highly processed foods and urban design that promotes sedentariness are factors that promote obesity. The article also discusses the influence of unhealthy food policies that make it more difficult for people to make healthy food choices, especially in disadvantaged socioeconomic settings.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - The role of the built environment in the prevention of obesity.
3. American Journal of Public Health:
   
   • An article published in the American Journal of Public Health explores the connection between social inequalities, food policies and obesity. Researchers highlight how people in difficult socioeconomic situations are more vulnerable to the effects of an obesogenic environment, where healthy food is often inaccessible, while caloric, low-cost foods are plentiful and easy to purchase.
   • Source: American Journal of Public Health - Social and Environmental Determinants of Obesity AJPH.
4. Environmental Health Perspectives:
   
   • The journal Environmental Health Perspectives publishes research on the role of physical and social environments in obesity. In one study, the authors discuss how characteristics of the urban environment, such as the availability of unhealthy food and the lack of safe public spaces for exercise, influence obesity, particularly in low-income areas.
   • Source: Environmental Health Perspectives - Built Environment, Adiposity, and Obesity: Evidence from the California Health Interview Survey EHP.
5. International Journal of Obesity:
   
   • This study published in the International Journal of Obesity examines the effect of the obesogenic environment on children and adults. The authors explore how food marketing policies, limited access to healthy foods and low physical activity contribute to obesity. Cities with low availability of physical activity space and abundance of fast food restaurants are at higher risk of obesity for their residents.
   • Source: International Journal of Obesity - The role of the food environment in obesity prevention IJO.
6. Food Policy:
   
   • Food Policy explores the role of food policies in the obesity epidemic. The researchers analyze how global food systems, which encourage the consumption of calorie-dense foods and aggressive marketing of unhealthy products, contribute to an obesogenic environment. In particular, the article discusses how policies that do not adequately regulate the availability of unhealthy foods can exacerbate obesity, especially in vulnerable populations.
   • Source: Food Policy - Food environments and obesity: Implications for policies and interventions Food Policy.
7. Journal of Urban Health:
   
   • In this study, Journal of Urban Health explores the concept of "obesogenic environment" and its impact on people living in urban settings. Factors such as limited access to healthy food and encouragement of sedentariness are discussed as key components contributing to the obesity epidemic, especially in urban areas with high population density.
   • Source: Journal of Urban Health - Neighborhood Environment and Obesity in Urban Youth JUH.

Psychological and behavioral factors: a vicious cycle

The psychological burden of obesity is as deep and painful as the physical one. Obese people are constantly subjected to prejudice, discrimination and social stigma, a treatment that has serious repercussions on their mental health. Anxiety, depression and shame become daily companions, and often these psychological difficulties fuel dysfunctional eating behaviors, such as emotional eating.

Emotional eating is not a conscious choice, but a natural response to difficult emotions such as stress, loneliness or sadness. It is a coping mechanism that develops in a context of emotional vulnerability, where food becomes a temporary outlet. Stigmatization of obese people not only fuels these behaviors, but also creates a vicious cycle of shame and isolation, which makes coping with the condition even more difficult. Rather than helping, social judgment makes the situation worse, distancing those who suffer from what they really need: understanding, support and compassion.

Here are some scientific sources exploring the link between psychological and behavioral factors in obesity, with a focus on stigma and emotional eating, which create a vicious cycle:

1. Psychological Bulletin:
   
   • A study published in Psychological Bulletin explores how obesity-related discrimination and stigma can negatively affect mental health and contribute to dysfunctional behaviors such as emotional eating. The authors state that obese people are often victims of prejudice and stigma, which in turn can fuel anxiety, depression and other psychological disorders. These psychological factors can drive people to turn to food to cope with difficult emotions.
   • Source: Psychological Bulletin - The Impact of Weight Stigma on Obesity-Related Behaviors.
2. Obesity:
   
   • The journal Obesity frequently publishes articles dealing with the links between psychology and obesity, including emotional eating as a response to stress and loneliness. This study highlights how stigmatization of obese people not only helps reinforce emotional eating, but can also increase the risk of developing eating disorders and other psychological problems, creating a vicious cycle that is difficult to break.
   • Source: Obesity - Weight Stigma and the Social Environment: A Critical Review of the Evidence.
3. Appetite:
   
   • The journal Appetite discusses the relationship between emotions and eating behavior, examining how sadness, loneliness and stress can drive people to eat dysfunctionally. This article explores emotional eating as a psychological response to emotional difficulties and how stigma can exacerbate these behaviors, worsening the condition of obesity and feeding a vicious cycle.
   • Source: Appetite - Emotional Eating and the Impact of Stigmatization on Obesity Appetite.
4. Journal of Health Psychology:
   
   • An article published in the Journal of Health Psychology explores how obesity-related stigma can negatively affect mental and physical health. The study analyzes the mechanisms by which damaged self-esteem and self-shaming can fuel emotional eating, creating a vicious cycle that makes it harder to lose weight and improve mental health.
   • Source: Journal of Health Psychology - The Role of Stigma in the Relationship between Weight and Psychological Health JHP.
5. Psychosomatic Medicine:
   
   • This study published in Psychosomatic Medicine analyzes how emotional eating and body perception are affected by psychological factors related to obesity, such as stress and shame. The research explores how psychological factors can fuel eating disorders and how stigmatization of obese people can hinder access to effective treatment, exacerbating the condition.
   • Source: Psychosomatic Medicine - Psychological and Physiological Aspects of Obesity Psychosomatic Medicine.
6. Journal of Obesity:
   
   • The Journal of Obesity explores how stigma and social discrimination can affect the mental health of obese people. The authors discuss the connection between stigma, depression and the use of dysfunctional coping strategies, such as emotional eating. These psychological mechanisms are linked to an aggravation of the obesity condition, creating a vicious cycle that is difficult to break.
   • Source: Journal of Obesity - Obesity, Discrimination, and Health: Psychological and Social Mechanisms.

Obesity as a medical condition: need for an integrated approach

Obesity is not simply an issue of willpower or a matter of individual choice. It is a complex disease that requires holistic and integrated treatment. It cannot be solved by temporary diets or isolated exercise, but requires an approach that takes into account the many biological, psychological and environmental factors that contribute to the condition. Treatment must be continuous and multidisciplinary, combining traditional medicine with psychological support and nutrition education in a pathway that helps people manage obesity in a lasting way.

Stigmatization, judgment, and derision toward obese people only makes the situation worse. Society must recognize that obesity is not a "choice" and that those who suffer from it deserve respect, understanding, and adequate access to treatment. Understanding that obesity is a complex medical condition, involving genetic, hormonal, psychological, and social factors, is the first step in reducing prejudice and breaking down stigma. Only with this awareness can we build a culture of inclusiveness that promotes change, enabling people to face their condition with dignity, support, and hope.

Obesity is a global health challenge that needs a humane, empathetic and integrated response. Combating stigma and offering real support to those living with the condition is the only way to improve the health and quality of life of obese people.

Here are some scientific sources, different from those given earlier, that support the idea of obesity as a complex medical condition that needs an integrated approach:

1. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology:
   
   • This article published in Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology discusses obesity as a chronic disease requiring multidisciplinary treatment. The importance of a holistic approach that considers biological, psychological, and social factors is emphasized. In addition, the authors emphasize that temporary solutions are not enough and that a continuous and integrated approach to the treatment of obesity is needed.
   • Source: Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology - Obesity Management: A Comprehensive Approach to Treatment Lancet.
2. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA):
   
   • In an article published in JAMA, the authors examine the need for an integrated approach to treating obesity. Obesity is described as a disease that needs to be addressed through treatment involving not only traditional medicine, but also psychological support, nutrition education, and social intervention. The research emphasizes the importance of a coordinated, multidisciplinary approach.
   • Source: JAMA - Obesity Treatment: An Integrated Approach to Prevention and Management.
3. American Journal of Public Health:
   
   • This study published in the American Journal of Public Health explores the importance of a systems approach to addressing obesity, emphasizing how social stigma and one-sided approaches (such as temporary diets) cannot solve the problem. The authors suggest that obesity should be treated as a complex medical condition, requiring targeted health policies, psychological support, and improved social infrastructure.
   • Source: American Journal of Public Health - Public Health Approaches to Obesity: Moving from Treatment to Prevention AJPH.
4. Obesity Reviews:
   
   • An article in Obesity Reviews discusses how the approach to obesity should be multidimensional and integrated, involving nutrition, psychology, exercise, and medical care. The authors argue that obesity cannot be treated with short-term solutions and that an ongoing, individualized approach is critical to successful treatment.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - Integrated Approaches for the Treatment of Obesity.
5. The New England Journal of Medicine:
   
   • The New England Journal of Medicine addresses obesity as a chronic medical condition that requires multidisciplinary treatment. The authors discuss how public policy, medical care, and psychological support must be integrated into a treatment plan that supports not only weight loss but also long-term psychological well-being.
   • Source: The New England Journal of Medicine - Obesity: An Overview of Management Strategies NEJM.
6. World Health Organization (WHO):
   
   • WHO officially recognizes obesity as a chronic disease, as stated in several guidelines. In one of its reports, WHO emphasizes the need for an integrated and holistic approach that includes interventions at the individual, family, community and policy levels to prevent and treat obesity. It stresses the importance of addressing the condition with empathy and support, rather than judgment or stigmatization.
   • Source: World Health Organization (WHO) - Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. 

A silent pandemic: the numbers speak for themselves

If we look at the global numbers, the reality of obesity is alarming. By 2023, more than one billion people worldwide are living with obesity, including about 650 million adults and more than 120 million children. This figure refers not only to those who are "visibly" obese, but also to those who have a weight that may not appear excessive, but still pose serious health risks. Obesity cannot be defined by outward appearance alone; it is based on medical parameters, such as body mass index (BMI), which can reveal health hazards even in the absence of obvious physical change.

Obesity is becoming a major cause of disease and premature death globally, with effects that go far beyond physical health. It affects people's mobility, self-esteem, social relationships and general well-being. It is not a problem confined to wealthy countries; its incidence is also growing in low- and middle-income countries, where unhealthy food availability and physical inactivity are on the rise.

Dubbed a "silent pandemic," obesity has a devastating impact that does not always receive the urgency it deserves. It contributes indirectly or directly to millions of deaths each year, caused by diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers and musculoskeletal disorders. This problem not only affects developed nations, but is also growing in developing countries, where access to calorie-dense but nutrient-poor foods is increasingly easy and affordable.

But behind these numbers are not just deaths: there are people, young and old, who face profound physical and psychological suffering every day. New generations are growing up with poor eating habits and a sedentary lifestyle, facing risks once reserved for adults. Childhood obesity is growing, with nearly 1 in 5 children now obese. The consequences of this phenomenon are enormous, not only in terms of immediate health, but also for the health care system, the global economy, and the future of people.

Obesity is a complex disease that cannot be reduced to simple lack of self-control. It is influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, socioeconomic, and psychological factors. Each person is unique, and what works for one may not be suitable for another. Combating it requires a comprehensive approach that combines prevention, nutrition education, medical interventions, and psychological support, with the goal of creating environments that foster wellness in all its forms.

Obesity is a health issue, but also a social justice issue. Fighting it means not only promoting physical health, but building a more inclusive, empathetic and respectful society that understands the daily struggles of those living with the condition. Change begins with greater awareness, education, and sensitization.

The comorbidities of obesity: a risk to physical and mental health

When talking about obesity, one cannot ignore the devastating impact it has on health, both physical and mental. Obesity is not just about weight; it is a condition that carries with it a host of chronic diseases and complications that undermine the overall well-being of those affected.

Type 2 diabetes: This is one of the most common diseases associated with obesity. Being overweight interferes with the body's ability to use insulin properly, increasing the risk of developing diabetes, a condition that has serious long-term health consequences.

Cardiovascular disease: Obese people are much more vulnerable to developing hypertension, heart attacks, heart failure and stroke. Excess weight puts enormous pressure on the heart and circulatory system, exposing them to enormous risks to life.

Joint problems: Excess weight places a load on joints, especially the lower joints, increasing the risk of osteoarthritis and other serious musculoskeletal disorders. Mobility is reduced, and quality of life is significantly affected.

Some cancers: Obese people have an increased risk of developing cancers, particularly colon, endometrial, breast, liver, and pancreatic cancers. The link between obesity and cancer is well documented and shows how excess weight can compromise health at the cellular level.

But obesity does more than just damage the body. It also has a devastating impact on mental health. The stigma and discrimination that many obese people face, day in and day out, can fuel psychological problems such as depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. Society tends to be quick to judge those with larger bodies, and often these people are victims of prejudice not only in their social environment, but also in the workplace, schools, and every aspect of daily life.

We must not forget that obesity also brings with it invisible pain. The psychological burden of social stigma and negative perception by others can have a devastating impact. Obese people may feel excluded, judged, worthless, and this often leads to a sense of loneliness and hopelessness. In some cases, the burden of society-with its prejudice and indifference-becomes heavier than the physical burden, creating a vicious cycle that is difficult to break.

Addressing obesity therefore means dealing with a double problem: the physical and the emotional. The struggle is not only about weight control, but also about overcoming the social and psychological barriers that prevent obese people from living a peaceful and healthy life. That is why it is crucial that we, as a society, make a collective effort to break down prejudices and offer respect, understanding, and support to those living with obesity. Only in this way can we create a world where every person, regardless of their body, can live without fear of judgment and with the opportunity to improve their health.

Here are some scientific sources that support claims about the global prevalence of obesity, its comorbidities, and its impacts on physical and mental health, as well as the importance of a comprehensive approach to addressing this issue:

1. World Health Organization (WHO):
   
   • WHO provides global data on obesity, highlighting how it is becoming a leading cause of disease and premature death globally. The WHO report highlights the obesity epidemic, which affects not only high-income countries but also low- and middle-income countries, due to an increase in unhealthy foods and sedentary behaviors.
   • Source: World Health Organization - Obesity and Overweight: Fact Sheet WHO.
2. The Lancet:
   
   • A study published in The Lancet shows the growing incidence of obesity globally and its serious health consequences. It is also discussed how obesity disproportionately affects different geographic areas and how its comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and some cancers, are becoming a burden on global health systems.
   • Source: The Lancet - Global trends in obesity prevalence and related comorbidities.
3. JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association):
   
   • An article published in JAMA explores the health risks associated with obesity, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and some cancers. The authors emphasize the importance of a comprehensive understanding of obesity as a complex condition that must be treated with an integrated, multidisciplinary approach.
   • Source: JAMA - Obesity and its impact on health: A comprehensive review.
4. American Journal of Public Health (AJPH):
   
   • This study examines the effect of obesity on mental health, including anxiety, depression and low self-esteem, in addition to the physical problems it brings. Social stigma and discrimination against obese people are significant factors that worsen psychological conditions and make obesity treatment more difficult.
   • Source: American Journal of Public Health - The Psychological Effects of Obesity: A Public Health Perspective AJPH.
5. Obesity Reviews:
   
   • A review of the literature published in Obesity Reviews discusses obesity-related comorbilities, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, joint problems, and certain cancers. In addition, the paper explores the link between obesity and depression, highlighting how physical condition can negatively affect a person's psychological well-being.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - Comorbilities of Obesity and Their Impact on Health.
6. The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM):
   
   • NEJM publishes articles exploring the impact of obesity on chronic disease and mortality, with a focus on diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. It is discussed how obesity significantly increases the risk of premature mortality, while treatment of obesity can reduce these significant risks.
   • Source: The New England Journal of Medicine - Obesity as a Risk Factor for Mortality NEJM.
7. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK):
   
   • The NIDDK provides a comprehensive overview of obesity, its risk factors, and its comorbidities, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers. The site also provides resources related to treatments for obesity and ways to prevent it.
   • Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases - Obesity and Health NIDDK.

Obesity and its relationship to social and economic well-being

Obesity is not only an individual issue, but also has a deep and complex social and economic impact. Obese people often face invisible but real barriers, such as difficulties in finding work or advancing in their careers. Too often, their physical appearance becomes the focal point of negative judgments that completely ignore their abilities, talents, and worth. In some circles, obesity is seen as a "fault," as if it were the result of moral weakness or lack of self-control, rather than as the product of a complex medical condition that deserves understanding, respect, and support.

Economically, obesity is a significant burden on health care systems, which face enormous costs related to the diseases associated with it. These are not only the direct medical care costs, but also the indirect costs, such as lost productivity and absenteeism. It is estimated that obesity costs billions of dollars each year, an amount that could be drastically reduced if targeted investments were made in prevention, awareness and early treatment. Ignoring this reality not only hurts people living with obesity, but also has a direct impact on society as a whole, preventing many people from reaching their full potential and putting pressure on entire health care systems.

The key to real change is understanding, inclusiveness and empathy. Obesity is not just an individual problem, but a collective issue. Instead of perpetuating judgment and prejudice, we must work together to break down social barriers and reduce economic costs with interventions that recognize the complexity of this condition and foster more just health and social policies.

Here are some scientific sources that explore the relationship between obesity, social and economic well-being, and the impact it has on health systems and people's daily lives:

1. The Lancet Public Health:
   
   • This study examines the economic impact of obesity globally, exploring how rising health care costs for obesity-related diseases are burdening health care systems by increasing medical care costs, absenteeism, and lost productivity. It also discusses how discrimination and stigma associated with obesity affect the careers and social opportunities of obese people.
   • Source: The Lancet Public Health - The economic burden of obesity: A global perspective.
     
2. BMC Public Health:
   
   • An article published in BMC Public Health analyzes the social impact of obesity, highlighting how prejudice and stigmatization of obese people can lead to inequalities in the workplace, reducing opportunities for employment and promotion. It is emphasized that obesity is often associated with negative treatment, which undermines individuals' self-esteem and social well-being.
   • Source: BMC Public Health - The social stigma of obesity: A review of the literature.
3. Obesity Reviews:
   
   • A review published in Obesity Reviews explores the economic impact of obesity, discussing the direct and indirect costs associated with obesity-related diseases and disabilities. The article also examines how the stigma of obesity contributes to social and occupational barriers, which hinder the personal and professional well-being and progress of obese people.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - The economic and social burden of obesity: Evidence from a global perspective.
4. American Journal of Public Health (AJPH):
   
   • An AJPH paper analyzes the social and economic costs associated with obesity, highlighting how public health systems are under increasing pressure from chronic diseases associated with obesity. The paper also discusses the impact of discrimination in workplaces and schools, where obese people often face discrimination that limits their opportunities and puts them at increased risk for psychological problems such as anxiety and depression.
   • Source: American Journal of Public Health - Obesity, discrimination, and social consequences AJPH.
5. The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER):
   
   • An NBER report explores the direct and indirect economic costs of obesity, highlighting how health care costs and lost productivity contribute significantly to the overall economic burden of obesity. The effect of obesity on career and social well-being is also examined, with a focus on discrimination against obese people in the workplace.
   • Source: The National Bureau of Economic Research - The economic costs of obesity: Evidence from the United States NBER.
6. International Journal of Obesity:
   
   • A study published in The International Journal of Obesity explores the link between obesity and socioeconomic inequalities, focusing on the fact that obesity is particularly prevalent in low-income populations, where access to healthy foods is limited and opportunities for physical activity are reduced. The article also discusses how obesity affects quality of life and social and economic opportunities, particularly in rural areas and low-income countries.
   • Source: International Journal of Obesity - Obesity and socioeconomic status: A global overview IJO.
7. European Journal of Public Health:
   
   • An article published in the journal explores how obesity affects people's psychological and social well-being, with a focus on discrimination in the workplace and in social interactions. The article emphasizes the importance of inclusive policies that can reduce stigma and improve economic opportunities for obese people.
   • Source: European Journal of Public Health - Obesity and its social consequences EJPH.

A cultural change is needed

Obesity is a condition that must be addressed with a collective effort, no longer ignored or minimized. Its devastating effects are not limited to physical health, but also overwhelm people's psychological, social and emotional well-being. It is no longer acceptable to see obesity as an individual "fault" or a superficial issue. There is an urgent need for society to adopt a more compassionate approach, based on scientific and humane understanding, that recognizes obesity for what it is: a complex disease that deserves medical attention, psychological support and health policies that aim to effectively prevent and treat this condition.

The change we need to pursue is about the culture itself, shifting the focus from judgment to respect, from discrimination to acceptance. Only with greater awareness, education and inclusiveness can we reduce the incidence of obesity and, more importantly, improve the quality of life for millions of people around the world. Everyone deserves to live a full, healthy and shame-free life, regardless of their body. Our collective efforts are the only way to break the cycle of injury and suffering and build a future where health and well-being is a right for everyone, without exception.

Here are some scientific sources that address the importance of cultural change regarding obesity, based on understanding, compassion and inclusive policies:

1. The Lancet:
   
   • An article published in The Lancet explores the need for cultural change to address obesity. It points out how social stigma and prejudice are factors that hinder progress in combating obesity and promoting health. The author examines how a change in societal values, promoting inclusivity and compassion, is crucial to breaking down the cycle of discrimination and suffering.
   • Source: The Lancet - The global challenge of obesity: A need for cultural change.
2. Social Science & Medicine:
   
   • An article published in Social Science & Medicine discusses how the perception of obesity needs to be changed from an individual judgment to a more collective and inclusive view. The article suggests that cultural change can reduce stigma, encourage better psychological support, and help create more effective health policies. Inclusiveness and education are seen as essential to addressing the social and economic causes of obesity.
   • Source: Social Science & Medicine - The social implications of obesity and the need for cultural change.
3. Obesity Reviews:
   
   • This Obesity Reviews study explores how cultural change and increased social awareness can improve the management of obesity. The research highlights the need for policies that reduce social stigma and promote access to treatment and resources for obese people. The importance of shifting the focus from individual blame to a more integrated approach that recognizes biological, psychological and environmental influences is discussed.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - Cultural change and social support in the treatment of obesity.
4. American Journal of Public Health (AJPH):
   
   • An article published in the American Journal of Public Health explores the importance of promoting a culture of acceptance and inclusiveness for obese people, stating that health and social policies should evolve to reduce stigma and discrimination. It is emphasized how the traditional cultural approach has helped perpetuate the emotional suffering of obese people and how a shift toward greater compassion can lead to better and more effective management of the condition.
   • Source: American Journal of Public Health - Fostering cultural change: Moving toward an inclusive approach to obesity AJPH.
5. International Journal of Obesity:
   
   • An article published in the International Journal of Obesity explores the cultural challenges in managing obesity and emphasizes the need for societal and policy change to address the structural and cultural causes of obesity. It proposes building a more empathetic culture that reduces prejudice and supports inclusion, with health policies that recognize the disease as a complex social problem rather than merely an individual issue.
   • Source: International Journal of Obesity - Changing cultural attitudes toward obesity: A call for social reform IJO.
6. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition:
   
   • This study discusses the crucial role that culture plays in addressing obesity, suggesting that the acceptance of inclusive public policies and nutrition education are key tools in combating obesity globally. Cultural change that promotes respect and understanding can make a difference in addressing the challenges associated with this disease.
   • Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition - The role of cultural change in combating obesity AJCN.
7. Psychological Science:
   
   • The article published in Psychological Science explores how the social perception of obesity affects the mental health and interpersonal dynamics of obese people. It is highlighted how cultural change, which fosters acceptance and psychological support, can reduce psychological harm from stigma and improve the quality of life of obese people.
   • Source: Psychological Science - The impact of cultural attitudes toward obesity on mental health.

Real causes and common misunderstandings

The real causes of obesity: the complexity we ignore

Many people tend to believe that obesity is just the result of bad behaviors: eating too much and doing too little physical activity. But this view is too simple and does not reflect the complexity of reality. Science teaches us that obesity is not the result of individual choices, but a multifactorial disease involving many aspects, often beyond the control of the sufferer.

Of course, food and exercise are crucial factors, but we cannot reduce such a complex condition to a matter of "willpower." The causes are deeper: genetics, biology, environment and the social context in which we live all influence our weight. Each individual is unique, and what might trigger weight gain in one person does not have the same impact on another.

Recognizing obesity as a multifactorial disease means to stop blaming and start understanding. It is not just a matter of "will," but a complex battle that deserves respect, compassion, and profound cultural change.

The main causes of obesity

Genetic factors: biological predisposition

One of the most crucial but too often ignored aspects is genetics. The predisposition to store more fat is not simply a "choice," but a biological factor that can make some people more vulnerable to obesity. It is not just a matter of eating too much or exercising too little: some people are born with a metabolism that tends to store more energy, and this makes them more prone to weight gain, even if they follow similar eating and lifestyle habits to those who do not have this predisposition.

Genetics does not determine destiny, but it strongly influences it, and it can interact with environmental and behavioral factors in ways that make obesity a difficult condition to prevent or treat. Obesity has been shown to be partly heritable, with genes influencing how our bodies respond to food, exercise and feelings of hunger. Some of these genes, the "satiety genes," determine how quickly we feel full after a meal, or how much food we tend to crave.

In addition, some of these genes can slow down metabolism, causing the body to accumulate fat more easily, even when a person's diet might seem "normal" in the eyes of others. But this does not mean that genetics is a "doom." People with this predisposition can still make significant progress toward healthy living with the help of a balanced diet and exercise. However, they will face greater challenges and may need additional support to manage their weight.

It is essential to understand that genetic predisposition is not an excuse for not taking care of oneself, but is a factor that makes us all unique. People who are genetically predisposed to obesity deserve more understanding, not judgment. Raising awareness of these biological factors is critical, lest those who struggle with genetics be stigmatized or accused of not doing enough. With greater awareness and support, we can develop more personalized treatments and therapeutic solutions that consider not only behaviors but also the unique biology of each individual.

Here are some scientific sources that delve into the role of genetics in obesity, exploring biological predisposition and interaction with other factors:

1. Nature Reviews Genetics:
   
   • An article in Nature Reviews Genetics explores how genetics affects obesity, highlighting advances in understanding genes involved in body weight regulation and metabolism. The study analyzes how genetic variants may predispose individuals to weight gain by interacting with environment and behaviors. It is also discussed how "satiety genes" and those that influence metabolism may determine a predisposition to store fat.
   • Source: Nature Reviews Genetics - Genetics of obesity: A guide to the current understanding.
2. Obesity (Silver Spring):
   
   • An article published in Obesity delves into the genetic mechanisms underlying obesity, analyzing how certain genetic variants may influence the propensity to develop obesity. Genes that regulate hunger and metabolism are examined, as well as interactions between genetics and environment that determine individual risk.
   • Source: Obesity (Silver Spring) - Genetic factors contributing to obesity (Obesity Journal).
3. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology:
   
   • An article in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology explores the implications of genetics in obesity, discussing the heritability of the condition and the genes that influence food intake, energy expenditure, and weight regulation. The study highlights how genetics contributes to metabolic and behavioral difficulties in weight management.
   • Source: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology - Genetics and obesity: Understanding the genetic basis of obesity Diabetes & Endocrinology.
4. American Journal of Human Genetics:
   
   • This study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics focuses on advances in mapping genes associated with obesity. It is analyzed how certain genes may affect body weight regulation, particularly the processes of satiety, appetite and metabolism. The study also discusses how these genetic factors may interact with dietary and lifestyle behaviors to determine obesity risk.
   • Source: American Journal of Human Genetics - Genetic predisposition to obesity: Analyzing the biological pathways AJHG.
5. Current Diabetes Reports:
   
   • An article in Current Diabetes Reports explores the role of genetics in obesity and type 2 diabetes. It discusses how genetic predisposition to obesity may influence the risk of developing metabolic complications, such as diabetes, and how these mechanisms may be modulated by environmental factors. The study also suggests potential therapeutic approaches for genetically predisposed individuals.
   • Source: Current Diabetes Reports - Genetic factors in obesity and metabolic syndrome.
6. PLOS Genetics:
   
   • An article published in PLOS Genetics analyzes how genetics affects obesity susceptibility, with a focus on the regulation of energy metabolism and satiety. Advances in the field of molecular genetics that have enabled the identification of numerous genes related to weight control and food-related physiological responses are explored.
   • Source: PLOS Genetics - Genetic pathways in obesity and their impact on health.
7. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism:
   
   • An article published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism examines the genetics of obesity, with a focus on genetic factors that influence body weight regulation, appetite, and energy expenditure. It explores how the interplay between genetics and environment can determine individual susceptibility to obesity.
   • Source: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism - Genetic susceptibility to obesity: Insights from molecular research link JCEM.

Trauma and mental health: a profound link

Psychological experiences, particularly childhood trauma, play a crucial role in the risk of developing obesity. These are not simply food choices, but complex emotional cycles rooted in the past. Scientific studies have shown that those who experienced trauma, abuse or neglect during childhood are much more vulnerable to developing a dysfunctional relationship with food, which can evolve into obesity. For many people, food becomes a form of "cure," a way to cope with painful emotions such as anxiety, sadness or loneliness. This behavior, known as "emotional eating," is not a choice, but a response to deep and often invisible pain.

A child growing up in a traumatic environment, lacking the necessary emotional support, may learn to look to food for temporary relief. Eating becomes a refuge, a moment of peace that offers a feeling of control. But in the long term, this emotional response can turn into a vicious cycle, where food is no longer just nourishment, but a way to anesthetize pain. This cycle can persist into adulthood, with a devastating impact on a person's physical and emotional health.

Moreover, emotional eating is not only related to childhood trauma. Conditions such as depression, anxiety, chronic stress, and other psychological disorders can exacerbate the risk of obesity. People suffering from depression, for example, may turn to food to "feel better" temporarily, without realizing that this behavior only worsens both their physical and psychological situation. It is crucial to understand that emotional and psychological factors are often ignored in discussions about obesity, but they are essential to understanding the complexity of the condition.

The use of medications to treat mental health can also contribute to weight gain. Many antidepressants, anxiolytics, and antipsychotics have side effects that alter metabolism, increase appetite, and alter eating behavior. Mental and physical health are intertwined, and we cannot separate the effects of psychological disorders from the changes in the body that they bring about.

Therefore, addressing obesity cannot be just a matter of diet and physical activity. A holistic approach is needed that also considers psychological aspects. We cannot limit treatment to simple dietary regimen prescriptions while ignoring the emotional causes underlying eating behavior. Supporting those struggling with obesity means offering help to improve their mental health as well: psychological support that enables people to develop a healthier relationship with food and their bodies.

Ultimately, the fight against obesity requires a change in perspective, one that integrates the treatment of psychological well-being with physical well-being. Only by treating the emotional and psychological roots of this condition can we hope to achieve lasting results and improve the quality of life of those affected.

Here are some scientific sources that explore the link between trauma, mental health and obesity, highlighting how traumatic experiences can affect eating behavior and the risk of developing obesity:

1. Psychological Medicine:
   
   • An article in Psychological Medicine explores how childhood trauma and psychological stress can increase the risk of developing eating disorders, including obesity. Studies show that early traumatic experiences are strongly correlated with increased vulnerability to emotional eating and, consequently, obesity.
   • Source: Psychological Medicine - Childhood trauma and obesity: A review of the literature.
2. Journal of Obesity:
   
   • An article published in the Journal of Obesity examines the psychological mechanisms underlying obesity, focusing on the link between psychological trauma, emotional distress and eating dysfunction. The research suggests that vulnerability to obesity may be linked to unresolved emotional trauma, leading to behaviors such as emotional eating.
   • Source: Journal of Obesity - Psychological trauma and its relationship with obesity.
3. European Journal of Psychotraumatology:
   
   • This study published in the European Journal of Psychotraumatology explores the interaction between psychological disorders, trauma and obesity. Research indicates that emotional, physical, and sexual abuse during childhood is closely linked to an increased risk of obesity in adults. The importance of treating both psychological and physical aspects of obesity is also discussed.
   • Source: European Journal of Psychotraumatology - Trauma, obesity, and mental health: Understanding the link European Journal of Psychotraumatology.
4. JAMA Psychiatry:
   
   • An article published in JAMA Psychiatry discusses the role of emotional eating in psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety, and how these can lead to the development of obesity. The authors analyze how using food as a coping mechanism can alter eating behavior and promote weight gain.
   • Source: JAMA Psychiatry - Emotional eating and its relationship to depression and obesity.
5. Clinical Psychology Review:
   
   • An article published in Clinical Psychology Review analyzes the relationship between childhood trauma, eating disorders and obesity. Research shows how the experience of emotional trauma can negatively affect the regulation of eating behavior, leading to an increased risk of obesity.
   • Source: Clinical Psychology Review - Trauma, eating disorders, and obesity: A clinical perspective.
6. Obesity Reviews:
   
   • Obesity Reviews has published a paper that examines psychological factors that contribute to obesity, focusing on the role of trauma and emotional eating. The paper discusses how psychological trauma can alter appetite regulation and how psychological therapy can be an essential component in the treatment of obesity.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - Psychological and emotional factors in obesity.
7. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition:
   
   • An article published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition explores how traumatic experiences and chronic stress can affect food choices and eating behavior. How trauma and stress can alter appetite physiology and contribute to obesity is discussed, and psychosocial interventions are suggested to improve weight management.
   • Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition - Stress, trauma, and obesity: Pathways to improved clinical management.

Socioeconomic conditions: the impact of inequality

Obesity is not just a matter of individual choices: it is a reflection of inequalities that are intertwined with people's daily lives. Economic hardship not only limits resources for healthy living, but often forces people to make difficult and painful choices. Those living in poverty face a reality where access to healthy foods, medical care and exercise opportunities is reduced, and economic alternatives are often the most detrimental to health.

In the most deprived areas, supermarkets selling fresh fruits and vegetables are rare, while high-calorie foods high in fat, sugar, and salt are ubiquitous and cheap. These foods, while easily accessible, contribute significantly to obesity because they lack the essential nutrients needed for healthy living. For many people, therefore, eating in a balanced way is not a choice, but a difficulty imposed by economic realities.

The struggle for food is often a struggle for survival. People with low incomes do not choose to eat unhealthily, but must meet an immediate need, often at the cost of their own future health. This does not mean that they do not desire healthy food, but that economic circumstances make this choice almost unattainable.

In addition, limited access to spaces for physical activity is another significant obstacle. The poorest urban areas often lack safe parks, accessible gyms or paths for safe walking or running. Long hours of low-paid work, with strenuous or irregular shifts, leave no room for exercise. And where safety is a concern, even walking on the streets can become a risk, relegating many people to a sedentary lifestyle and increasing risk factors for obesity.

Stress related to economic insecurity also plays a crucial role. People living in poverty are more exposed to chronic stress, which can push them to seek solace in food, feeding the cycle of emotional eating. Food becomes a temporary refuge against frustration, anxiety and sadness, but it contributes to weight gain that further aggravates their condition.

Socioeconomic inequality is thus a fundamental cause of obesity. It not only limits access to healthy foods, but also restricts opportunities for appropriate treatment, both physical and psychological. People with lower incomes not only face the physical burden, but also the burden of social conditions that are not conducive to healthy choices.

Addressing obesity requires going beyond simple nutrition education. There is a need to combat economic inequality and promote policies that ensure that everyone has access to healthy foods and space for physical activity, regardless of economic circumstances. Health policies should include programs to support those in economic hardship with low-cost nutritional counseling and accessible physical activities.

In summary, obesity is not a matter of individual choice-it is a social battle about inequalities. Only an approach that recognizes and addresses these social and economic injustices will be able to reduce the risk of obesity on a large scale and empower everyone, regardless of their economic status, to live a healthy life.

Here are some reliable scientific sources dealing with socioeconomic inequalities and their impact on obesity:

1. American Journal of Public Health:
   
   • This study explores how socioeconomic inequalities, including income and education, influence obesity. It highlights how people living in poverty have limited access to healthy foods and space for physical activity, contributing to their risk of obesity. The article also discusses policies needed to reduce obesity in disadvantaged populations.
   • Source: American Journal of Public Health - Socioeconomic Status and Obesity: A Review of the Literature link AJPH.
2. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology:
   
   • This international study analyzes the impact of socioeconomic inequalities on obesity, highlighting how poverty and socioeconomic conditions directly affect eating behavior and access to care. The researchers propose solutions ranging from food policy to urban design to improve access to healthier food choices and exercise spaces.
   • Source: Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology - Addressing the social determinants of obesity.
3. Obesity Reviews:
   
   • An article published in Obesity Reviews explores the relationship between economic inequality and obesity, focusing on limited access to healthy foods and exercise opportunities in low-income communities. It also discusses the effect of chronic stress and its implications for eating behavior in economically disadvantaged people.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - Socioeconomic status and obesity: A review of the role of social factors in the development of obesity.
4. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health:
   
   • This study explores how socioeconomic disparities influence the prevalence of obesity and its long-term complications. How poverty, unemployment, and income inequality contribute to obesity is analyzed, emphasizing the need for targeted policy interventions to reduce these risk factors.
   • Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health - Poverty and Obesity: A Review of the Role of Socioeconomic Factors in Obesity Development.
5. Social Science & Medicine:
   
   • This article published in Social Science & Medicine examines how social and economic inequalities influence obesity, with a focus on the psychological and behavioral mechanisms that drive people to make less healthy food choices. The study also explores the importance of public policies to combat obesity in the most vulnerable populations.
   • Source: Social Science & Medicine - The social determinants of obesity: A review of the evidence.
6. The Lancet Public Health:
   
   • This article discusses how social and economic inequalities are key determinants of obesity and metabolic disease. Disparities in access to healthy foods, quality of healthcare, and availability of space for physical activity are seen as key factors in determining obesity among people with low income levels.
   • Source: The Lancet Public Health - Social inequalities and obesity in Europe: the role of social determinants of health.
7. International Journal of Obesity:
   
   • Another study in the International Journal of Obesity explores the link between poverty, stress and obesity, suggesting that people living in economically disadvantaged conditions are more vulnerable to obesity due to social factors, including limited access to fresh foods and opportunities for physical activity.
   • Source: International Journal of Obesity - The impact of socioeconomic factors on obesity in low-income populations: link IJO.

Medical conditions: diseases and drugs that affect weight

Obesity is not always the result of poor choices or negligent behavior. In many cases, it is the result of medical conditions or side effects of medications, factors beyond individual control that make weight management more difficult. This aspect, often ignored or misunderstood, is critical to fully understanding the roots of obesity and not falling into easy and superficial judgment.

One of the most common medical causes related to obesity is hypothyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones to regulate metabolism. People with hypothyroidism see their metabolism slow down, accumulating weight even if there are no noticeable changes in diet or physical activity. Weight gain in these cases may appear slow and, without proper diagnosis, difficult to understand, but it is a reality beyond the person's control.

Another condition, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), affects many women and can cause significant hormonal imbalances. These imbalances not only alter the menstrual cycle and reproductive health, but also affect the distribution of body fat, particularly in the abdominal area. In addition, insulin resistance, which often accompanies PCOS, makes it more difficult to lose weight, even with diet and exercise. The fight against obesity for women with PCOS is therefore even more arduous, as their bodies react differently than those without the condition.

Beyond endocrine diseases, many drugs used to treat other conditions have side effects that contribute to weight gain. Antidepressants, particularly those such as SSRIs and SNRIs, are known to affect weight. Although these drugs are essential for the treatment of psychological disorders, for some people the side effect of weight gain is an additional obstacle to deal with, not a lack of self-control.

Cortisone drugs, used to treat conditions such as asthma or autoimmune diseases, are another example of how a necessary treatment can have unwanted effects on weight. These drugs alter metabolism, causing water retention, increased appetite, and distribution of fat in a way that cannot be controlled. Despite their health benefits, corticosteroids further complicate weight management, creating an additional layer of difficulty for those taking them.

Some antipsychotics, used for disorders such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, can also lead to weight gain. These drugs, particularly second-generation drugs, act on metabolism and appetite, promoting the accumulation of body fat. People who depend on these drugs to manage serious psychological conditions are not responsible for this side effect, but they still have to deal with it as a part of their daily struggle.

It is important to understand that weight gain caused by disease and medication is not a person's "choice." It is not the result of irresponsible behavior, but a consequence of complex physiological and therapeutic factors. Too often the discussion of obesity focuses only on diet and exercise, ignoring the real difficulties that some people face, difficulties that cannot be solved simply by saying "eat less" or "move more."

People struggling with obesity caused by medical conditions or medications need a more empathetic and informed approach. They need to be supported holistically, considering not only their food choices but also the management of their medical conditions and the adjustment of drug treatments. Communication between patients and health professionals is critical to creating treatment plans that are truly effective.

In summary, obesity is not always a matter of lack of self-control or poor choices. In many cases, it is the result of external and internal factors that go beyond just diet and physical activity. Understanding and empathizing with these realities is crucial to addressing obesity in a more comprehensive and humane way. Only an approach that recognizes the complexity of individual and medical circumstances will truly lead to effective and lasting solutions.

Here are some scientific sources, recognized as reliable, dealing with the impact of medical conditions and medications on obesity:

1. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism:
   
   • This study explores the link between hypothyroidism and weight gain, discussing how thyroid dysfunction can slow metabolism and affect weight control. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the implications of hypothyroidism on obesity and suggests therapeutic approaches to manage this condition.
   • Source: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism - Hypothyroidism and Obesity: Mechanisms and Management.
2. Human Reproduction Update:
   
   • This article discusses polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its impact on metabolism and body weight. PCOS is associated with hormonal imbalances that contribute to obesity, and the study explores how insulin resistance and increased abdominal fat are key factors in the difficulty of losing weight in women with this condition.
   • Source: Human Reproduction Update - The Role of Insulin Resistance in Obesity and PCOS.
3. Obesity Reviews:
   
   • This article explores the impact of several medications on weight gain, including antidepressants, cortisone medications, and antipsychotics. The study examines how these drugs affect metabolism and eating behavior, increasing the risk of obesity, and discusses strategies to mitigate these side effects.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - Pharmacotherapy and Weight Gain: Mechanisms and Management of Drug-Induced Obesity.
4. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology:
   
   • The article analyzes the link between corticosteroid drugs and weight gain. The side effects of corticosteroids, which can cause water retention, increased appetite and changes in metabolism, are examined, complicating weight management in patients requiring treatment with these drugs.
   • Source: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology - Corticosteroid-Induced Weight Gain: The Impact on Metabolism and the Role of Anti-Obesity Medications Diabetes & Endocrinology.
5. American Journal of Psychiatry:
   
   • This study explores how antidepressants, particularly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), may be associated with increased body weight. The impact of these drugs on metabolism and food preferences is discussed, with suggestions for therapeutic strategies to mitigate side effects on weight.
   • Source: American Journal of Psychiatry - The Impact of Antidepressants on Weight Gain link American Journal of Psychiatry.
6. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology:
   
   • This article examines the effect of antipsychotics, particularly second-generation antipsychotics, on weight gain. Antipsychotic drugs, used to treat psychotic and bipolar disorders, are known to modify metabolism and alter eating behavior, promoting the accumulation of body fat.
   • Source: Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology - Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain: A Review of the Mechanisms and Strategies for Prevention.
7. Journal of the Endocrine Society:
   
   • An article examining the role of hormonal dysfunction, such as hypothyroidism and PCOS, in obesity. How hormonal changes affect body weight is discussed, while also exploring treatment options for managing weight in people with these medical conditions.
   • Source: Journal of the Endocrine Society - Endocrine and Metabolic Effects in Obesity: A Clinical Approach.

Obesogenic environment: living in a society that rewards sedentariness

The term "obesogenic environment" is not just an abstract concept, but a tangible reality that affects the lives of millions of people on a daily basis. It is the set of social, urban planning and cultural choices that make obesity almost inevitable, without many people realizing it. In such an environment, it is not enough to accuse individuals of lacking self-control; it must be understood that obesity is the result of a system that, often unknowingly, encourages health-damaging behaviors.

Modern cities are designed to encourage automobile use, not active mobility. Streets, designed for vehicles, often lack wide sidewalks or safe pedestrian connections. Distances between home, work and stores are constantly increasing, making it more difficult to get around on foot or by bicycle. Thus, sedentary living becomes an unavoidable condition for many people, a vicious cycle that contributes to increased body weight and associated diseases. This is not the result of personal choice, but of a city that offers no healthy alternatives.

In the world of work, many professions require long hours sitting, in front of screens, in offices where sedentariness is the norm. Remote work, while beneficial, has exacerbated this problem, further reducing opportunities for movement and physical activity. In such an environment, people struggle with their weight, not because they do not feel like getting better, but because circumstances do not allow it.

At the same time, the availability of ultra-processed foods, high in sugar, fat and empty calories, is the norm. These foods are cheap, easy to prepare and ubiquitous. In a world where time is increasingly limited and people are increasingly stressed, unhealthy foods seem the only option. Convenience and low price trump nutritional value, and the consequence is a diet that does not meet the body's needs but only fuels the vicious cycle of obesity.

Sugary drinks are another example of how our culture and marketing mislead us. Advertised as fresh and healthy, they are instead loaded with sugar and empty calories that increase not only the risk of obesity, but also diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Food companies are masters at convincing us that these products are a natural and accepted part of our lives, and that is precisely what the cultural battle is about: making us believe that consuming harmful foods and drinks is normal.

The media also plays its part in creating an obesogenic environment. Movies, TV series, and advertisements constantly show us people sitting around, eating junk food or drinking sugary drinks, without ever questioning these choices. The culture of "fast eating" and "convenience" has become predominant, leading us to forget the long-term damage these behaviors cause.

Added to this is the cultural pressure that promotes an unrealistic ideal body, creating an environment in which those who weigh more feel marginalized, stigmatized and constantly inadequate. This only fuels anxiety, frustration and emotional eating, making the situation even worse. People suffering from obesity are not "weak" or "without willpower," but victims of a society that, as a whole, makes it difficult to maintain a healthy weight and active lifestyle.

In summary, the obesogenic environment is not just a series of individual choices, but a system that creates and perpetuates a harmful cycle. If we really want to address obesity, we need to take a step back and see the bigger picture. It is essential to intervene in these environmental factors, improve access to healthy foods, promote physical activity, and, most importantly, work toward a cultural change that reduces social stigma and negative pressure toward those who are facing this battle. The solution lies not in judgment, but in understanding and commitment to creating an environment that allows everyone to live a healthy and active life.

Here are some reliable scientific sources other than those provided above that address the impact of the obesogenic environment on health, with a focus on how social, urban, and cultural factors influence obesity:

1. The Lancet Public Health
   
   • This study analyzes the role of urban environments in the rise of obesity, exploring how city design and accessibility to green spaces and walking paths influence physical mobility and, consequently, obesity rates. The need for changes in urban design to promote a more active lifestyle is discussed.
   • Source: The Lancet Public Health - The built environment and obesity: A systematic review of the literature Public Health.
2. Obesity Reviews
   
   • An article that explores the impact of the availability of ultra-processed foods on public health, highlighting how the prevalence of cheap, calorie-dense foods in supermarkets and fast food restaurants contributes significantly to obesity. The influence of advertising and media in promoting unhealthy foods is also analyzed.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - Food environments and obesity: an overview of research and policy considerations.
3. American Journal of Public Health
   
   • This study discusses the influence of food advertising on people's eating behavior, with a focus on sugary foods and carbonated beverages. The article highlights how the promotion of high-calorie foods can distort food choices, leading to increased rates of obesity.
   • Source: American Journal of Public Health - The role of marketing in the obesity epidemic.
4. Journal of Urban Health
   
   • This article examines how the physical and social environment, including the design of cities and the availability of safe spaces for physical activity, influences obesity rates in urban areas. It is discussed how the lack of pedestrian space and dependence on cars promote a sedentary lifestyle.
   • Source: Journal of Urban Health - Urban Form and Obesity: The Role of the Built Environment in Promoting Physical Activity.
5. The European Journal of Public Health
   
   • The article explores social inequalities in obesity and how economic and environmental factors, such as availability of healthy foods and access to green space, contribute to the obesity epidemic. How the surrounding environment can limit or encourage healthy lifestyle choices is highlighted.
   • Source: The European Journal of Public Health - Social and environmental determinants of obesity in the context of public health policies.
6. Health & Place
   
   • An article exploring the relationship between urbanization and obesity, with a focus on the design of public spaces and their influence on health. It highlights how urban planning that encourages car use and does not promote pedestrian mobility contributes to sedentary lifestyles and increased body weight.
   • Source: Health & Place - Urban design and obesity: Insights from international research.
7. BMC Public Health
   
   • This study addresses the concept of the obesogenic environment, exploring how the culture of fast consumption and the availability of packaged, unhealthy foods influence obesity rates. The relationship between the marketing policies of food companies and the eating behavior of the population is examined.
   • Source: BMC Public Health - The obesogenic environment: The impact of the marketing of high-calorie, low-nutrient foods link BMC Public Health.
8. Social Science & Medicine
   
   • The article explores how social and cultural pressure toward unrealistic ideal body models can lead to negative stigma, exacerbating obesity-related problems. The social implications of body culture and the pressure it exerts on overweight individuals are discussed.
   • Source: Social Science & Medicine - Cultural influences on the understanding and experience of obesity.

Obesity as a result of invisible factors

Obesity is too often reduced to a matter of weakness of character or lack of self-control, but this view is not only unfair, it is also deeply erroneous. To claim that obesity is only the result of individual choices is to fail to understand the complexity of this condition, which is the result of a number of intertwined factors, some of which are invisible to the eyes of those who do not live with this reality.

First, genetics plays a major role. Some individuals are simply biologically predisposed to store more fat. Their genes influence how the body responds to environmental stimuli, such as food and physical activity, and how it burns calories. For some people, the body reacts to an abundance of food by storing fat, while in others the metabolism works faster. These are not "bad choices," but a combination of factors that put some people at a disadvantage, despite all efforts.

In many cases, psychological trauma underlies dysfunctional eating behaviors. People who struggle with obesity often have had difficult experiences, such as abuse, neglect, or emotional trauma. Food becomes an automatic response to pain, a form of emotional awareness for those who have learned to "manage" suffering through eating. Emotional eating is not a "choice," but a reaction deeply rooted in painful experiences. These behaviors deserve understanding and support, not judgment.

Socioeconomic difficulties, moreover, are a significant obstacle. Those living in poverty often have limited access to healthy, fresh foods. In contrast, ultra-processed foods, high in sugar and fat but cheap and easy to obtain, are the norm. In many communities, exercise facilities are scarce, and access to parks or safe places to walk or run is limited. Poverty and social inequality fuel the difficulty of maintaining a healthy weight, creating a spiral of disadvantage that carries with it the risk of obesity.

In addition, some diseases and medications that treat other medical conditions can contribute to weight gain. Diseases such as hypothyroidism or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and drugs such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, and corticosteroids, are known to promote weight gain. These side effects are not a "choice," but consequences of treatments needed for other medical conditions. When weight gain is not due to poor eating habits but to therapeutic necessity, moral judgment is misplaced.

Finally, we live in an "obesogenic environment." Cities are designed for automobile use and not for walking or biking. Food marketing constantly promotes foods high in calories and low in nutrients. In a world that rewards sedentariness and rapid consumption of packaged foods, the fight against obesity is increasingly difficult. The social and cultural environment in which we are immersed not only influences our food choices, but also teaches us that obesity is just a matter of personal "weakness." A fatal mistake.

Addressing obesity requires a radical change in the way we think and act. It is not enough to focus only on diet and exercise. We need to understand that genetics, emotional experiences, social inequalities, and the environment in which we live are determining factors. Only with an approach that recognizes all these complexities will we be able to seriously address obesity, promoting prevention policies, psychological support and increased access to healthy lifestyle resources for all. The real challenge is not at the individual level, but at the collective level. It is time to build a society that does not judge but supports the well-being of every individual, regardless of circumstance.

To deepen the understanding of obesity as a complex phenomenon influenced by biological, psychological, social and environmental factors, here are some recognized scientific sources that address these issues, offering a multidimensional view of obesity:

1. The New England Journal of Medicine
   
   • An article exploring the role of genetics in obesity, describing how some individuals may be genetically predisposed to accumulate body fat, affecting their metabolism and response to environmental stimuli. The article provides an overview of recent genetic studies that help explain individual differences in obesity.
   • Source: The New England Journal of Medicine - The Genetics of Obesity: A Review link NEJM.
2. Psychosomatic Medicine
   
   • This study examines how psychological trauma and emotional eating are linked to obesity. The article explores the link between traumatic experiences, such as abuse and emotional distress, and dysfunctional eating behaviors, arguing that food becomes a coping mechanism for many people.
   • Source: Psychosomatic Medicine - Trauma and Obesity: The Role of Emotional Eating.
3. American Journal of Public Health
   
   • This article discusses the role of socioeconomic inequalities in obesity, analyzing how limited access to healthy foods and lack of physical activity facilities in poorer communities contribute to the risk of obesity. The research highlights how socioeconomic conditions profoundly influence health-related behaviors.
     
   • Source: American Journal of Public Health - Social Determinants of Health and Obesity link AJPH.
     
4. Obesity Reviews
   
   • An article exploring the side effects of drugs such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, and corticosteroids on body weight, describing how these drugs can affect metabolism and contribute to obesity. It is emphasized that weight gain is a necessary consequence of medical treatments for other conditions, and not a personal choice.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - Pharmacotherapy and Obesity: The Role of Medications in Obesity Management.
5. BMC Public Health
   
   • This study analyzes how the obesogenic environment (composed of social, cultural, and urban factors) influences obesity, describing how urban design, promotion of ultra-processed foods, and aggressive marketing have a significant impact on people's food choices and physical behavior.
   • Source: BMC Public Health - The Obesogenic Environment: Impacts of the Built and Social Environment on Obesity.
6. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
   
   • In this article, we explore how endocrine diseases such as hypothyroidism and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) contribute to obesity, explaining how hormonal imbalances affect body weight regulation. It is emphasized how these medical conditions can significantly affect weight management.
   • Source: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology - Endocrine Causes of Obesity.
7. International Journal of Obesity
   
   • This study examines the psychological and socioeconomic factors that contribute to obesity, exploring the link between stress, depression, and obesity. It is analyzed how people living in stressful environments or facing emotional difficulties may turn to food as a coping mechanism.
   • Source: International Journal of Obesity - Psychological and Social Determinants of Obesity.
8. Social Science & Medicine
   
   • The article explores how the social and cultural context affects perceptions of obesity and attitudes toward those who are overweight. It is discussed how the stigmatization of obesity can lead to exacerbation of the problem, fueling anxiety and dysfunctional eating behaviors.
   • Source: Social Science & Medicine - Social Stigma and Obesity: Understanding the Psychological and Social Impact of Weight Bias link Social Science & Medicine.

Obesity in society and the public gaze

Japan's waistline law: a lesson to be learned

In 2008, Japan introduced a controversial law, the Metabo Law, which imposed strict limits on the abdominal girth of adults. Under this law, those who exceeded the set limit (85 cm for men and 90 cm for women) were required to follow a weight-loss program, which included medical consultations and regular monitoring. The stated goal of the law was to combat obesity and reduce the risk of serious diseases, such as cardiovascular disease. However, while a well-intentioned initiative, the Metabo Law raised serious concerns about its side effects.

A New York Times article highlighted how this law contributed to a climate of anxiety and shame among people who did not meet the required standards. Instead of promoting healthy change based on awareness and support, the law triggered social pressure that ended up damaging many people's psychological well-being. The constant judgment of their bodies imposed by the rigid regulations increased stress and frustration, without necessarily leading to concrete health outcomes.

This example shows us that promoting wellness through public policies requires a delicate balance. While prevention and health are key goals, it is essential that laws be accompanied by empathetic education and policies that incentivize behavioral change in a positive way, avoiding stigma and judgment. Because true health is not just a body that meets external parameters, but a mind and heart that feel accepted and supported in their journey.

To learn more about Japan's waistline law, the Metabo Law, and its social, psychological, and health effects, here are some recognized scholarly sources and academic articles dealing with the impacts of public policies such as this, and how they affect people's health and well-being.

1. The Lancet Public Health
   
   • This article explores public health policies, such as the Metabo Law, and analyzes the impacts of restrictive measures such as limits on abdominal girth. The balance between public health goals and the mental health and stigma concerns that these policies can cause is addressed.
   • Source: The Lancet Public Health - Public health policies for reducing obesity-related health risks in Japan link Lancet Public Health.
2. Obesity Reviews
   
   • A critical analysis of the Metabo Law and its effects on the psychological health of individuals, with particular attention to the risks of stigma and anxiety that can arise in response to health policies perceived as invasive. The article offers a discussion of the benefits and limitations of policies that aim to reduce obesity through physical control measures.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - The impact of obesity-related policies on public health and mental health outcomes.
3. International Journal of Obesity
   
   • This study examines the effectiveness of the Metabo Law in reducing obesity in Japan by analyzing public health data before and after the introduction of the law. It also focuses on psychological aspects, showing how policies based on strict parameters can affect the mental well-being of individuals.
   • Source: International Journal of Obesity - Evaluation of the Metabo Law in Japan and its implications for obesity prevention.
4. Journal of Health Psychology
   
   • An article discussing the psychological implications of public obesity prevention policies, including the Metabo Law. Analyzes how body-based policy measures can foster negative self-esteem and anxiety, creating an environment in which mental health is neglected in favor of physical control.
   • Source: Journal of Health Psychology - Body image, stigma, and the impact of health policies on mental well-being.
5. Social Science & Medicine
   
   • An article that explores how policies such as the Metabo Law can influence social perceptions of obesity and body-related behaviors. Discusses the side effects of laws that set physical limits without educational or emotional support, emphasizing the risk of stigma and discrimination.
   • Source: Social Science & Medicine - The social impact of weight-based health policies: An analysis of the Metabo Law in Japan.
6. BMC Public Health
   
   • This study examines obesogenic policies in Japan, analyzing the Metabo Law as a strategy to combat obesity. The focus is on the challenges of designing public health policies that are as effective as they are respectful of individual rights, including psychological aspects and mental health.
   • Source: BMC Public Health - The Metabo Law and its influence on public health policies and mental well-being link BMC Public Health.
7. Journal of Obesity & Weight Loss Therapy
   
   • An article that explores the implications of Metabo Law for obesity management in Japan, highlighting how policies that set physical goals can affect patients' psychology, increasing the risk of eating disorders or body image-related issues.
   • Source: Journal of Obesity & Weight Loss Therapy - A review of the Metabo Law and its psychological impacts.

The stigma of weight: the wound you can't see

Obesity is one of the most widespread and accepted forms of social discrimination. Obese people are frequently judged superficially and often labeled as lazy, irresponsible, or lacking in self-discipline. This stigma has deep roots and manifests itself in many spheres of daily life, contributing to a vicious cycle that undermines the quality of life of the people who suffer from it.

Some of the main areas where the stigma of obesity is felt include:

In employment: fewer opportunities and discrimination

Obese people also face a difficult reality in the work environment, where prejudice and discrimination are even more visible and damaging than one might imagine. Although obesity is recognized as a complex medical condition, many professional circles are not ready to consider it as such. Instead, it is often labeled as a personal choice or a character "weakness," leading to a range of inequalities and difficulties in accessing professional opportunities.

Studies conducted in various countries have shown that people with above-average weight are more likely to face obstacles in finding a job. Given the same qualifications and skills, obese people are less likely to be hired than their non-obese colleagues. This bias is not just a social perception, but is rooted in a range of behaviors and decisions by companies that, unfortunately, often do not recognize obesity as a medical condition, but as a kind of lack of personal discipline. The result is a vicious cycle that limits the chances of obtaining employment, increasing the risk of social exclusion and economic hardship.

But the problem does not stop at the hiring stage. If an obese person succeeds in entering the workforce, he or she will often have to contend with lower wages than non-obese colleagues, despite performing the same work with the same quality and professionalism. The idea that obese people are less competent or less motivated is an ingrained prejudice that contributes to an unfair and unmeritocratic work environment. This phenomenon not only infringes on the right to equal treatment, but also undermines a person's confidence in his or her own abilities, creating a situation in which self-esteem is constantly tested.

Another crucial aspect concerns the chances of career advancement. Obese people are often subjected to continuous judgment by colleagues and superiors. Despite their experience or competence, opportunities for promotions and professional growth may be significantly limited because of this invisible bias. Stereotypes related to obesity, such as the idea that a fat person is also less energetic, less productive, or less disciplined, are often the cause of these difficulties. In the long run, this type of discrimination not only harms careers, but can have a devastating impact on mental health, leading to stress, anxiety, and frustration.

Workplace prejudice has a devastating impact that goes beyond the professional sphere. People who experience discrimination because of their body weight constantly live in a state of emotional stress, and this can undermine their motivation and productivity. The work environment becomes hostile, contributing to a sense of alienation that can negatively affect performance. The constant struggle against stereotypes and judgments of others means that the obese person not only has to fight against the physical and psychological difficulties associated with their condition, but also against an environment that does not accept them for who they are.

This scenario should not be ignored, and society must become aware of the injustices behind these discriminations. Companies must step forward, recognizing that obesity is not a choice, but a medical condition that requires understanding, support, and inclusive policies. More inclusive workplaces need to be created that not only accept, but promote diversity in all its forms, ensuring that every individual has an equal opportunity to grow and succeed. A change in mindset is essential to break down the barriers that still stand in the way of obese people realizing their potential.

Here are some scientific and academic sources, recognized as reliable, dealing with the issues of discrimination and difficulties faced by obese people in the work environment:

1. Obesity Reviews
   
   • This article analyzes how obesity-related biases affect the employment and career opportunities of obese people. The systemic barriers and biases that contribute to workplace discrimination, as well as the negative psychological effects of such experiences, are explored.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - Weight bias and employment discrimination.
2. International Journal of Obesity
   
   • The study explores how obese people deal with bias in the workplace, looking at discrimination during the hiring process, difficulty in getting promotions, and unfair treatment by colleagues and superiors. The article also discusses the impact on the mental health and well-being of people subjected to such bias.
   • Source: International Journal of Obesity - The impact of weight bias on employment and career advancement.
3. Journal of Applied Psychology
   
   • This article investigates biases against obese people in the workplace, exploring how obesity affects the hiring process, salary and career opportunities. Stereotypes that influence performance appraisal and promotion decisions are also analyzed.
   • Source: Journal of Applied Psychology - The role of weight bias in hiring decisions and career progression.
4. Social Science & Medicine
   
   • This study focuses on the effect of body weight on job opportunities by analyzing discrimination in the workplace. In particular, it discusses how obese people are penalized economically and professionally, despite possessing the same qualifications as other applicants.
   • Source: Social Science & Medicine - Obesity and employment discrimination.
5. BMC Public Health
   
   • The article analyzes how obesity-related biases affect employment and career advancement opportunities, focusing on studies documenting social exclusion and economic hardship related to obesity in the workplace.
   • Source: BMC Public Health - Weight stigma and employment outcomes. 
6. Journal of Health Psychology
   
   • An article exploring the psychological impact of weight discrimination at work, looking at how stigma affects not only job performance, but also the psychological well-being and self-esteem of individuals.
   • Source: Journal of Health Psychology - Workplace weight discrimination and its impact on mental health.
7. Obesity Science & Practice
   
   • This article examines the effects of obesity-related discrimination on professional careers, highlighting how discrimination affects quality of work life, opportunities for growth, and pay, despite expertise and experience.
   • Source: Obesity Science & Practice - The effects of weight discrimination in the workplace on career advancement.

In health care: unequal treatment and moral judgments

In the field of health care, obesity-related stigma is also a significant and ongoing challenge. Obese people not only face difficulties in receiving appropriate treatment, but are often subject to biases that negatively affect the quality of care. In many cases, health professionals, unfortunately, tend to focus only on a patient's physical appearance, assuming that obesity is the result of poor eating habits or lack of exercise, without considering the other, more complex causes that may underlie the condition, such as genetic, psychological or other medical factors.

This limited and reductive view is not only scientifically inaccurate, but also has a number of harmful consequences for patients' health. In fact, obese people are often victims of superficial treatment that ignores their specific health needs. In some cases, there is a form of "medicalization of the body," where the condition of obesity is seen solely as a cosmetic or behavioral problem, rather than as a chronic disease in need of holistic treatment that considers all factors involved.

Studies of obese patients have shown that they, much more than others, are subject to delayed diagnosis or less effective treatment. A striking example is when an obese person presents with severe symptoms, such as chest pain or difficulty breathing. Because of weight-related biases, he or she may not receive the proper attention he or she needs. Physicians may attribute symptoms directly to obesity without adequately investigating other possible causes, such as cardiovascular disease or respiratory disorders, thus delaying crucial diagnoses and preventing timely delivery of needed care. This approach based on bias, rather than scientific and objective assessment of the patient's health, can severely compromise the quality of treatment and undermine the person's overall well-being.

In addition to inaccurate diagnosis and delays in treatment, obese people often face real discrimination within the health care system. It is not uncommon for obese patients to be judged for their weight by doctors, nurses or other health care providers, with moral comments leaving a profound psychological impact. Rather than being treated with the same dignity and respect reserved for all other patients, obese people are sometimes the subject of stereotypes that portray them as irresponsible, lazy or incapable of taking care of themselves. These judgments not only exacerbate their psychological state, but also expose them to an increased risk of avoiding or postponing health treatment for fear of being judged or stigmatized.

The repercussions of this stigma in health care go beyond the individual medical encounter. When an obese person feels judged or unheard, they are less likely to return for further treatment, follow medical recommendations, or actively engage in their own health care. The risk is that the patient will become disillusioned with the health care system and give up on receiving needed care, contributing to a cycle of inadequate care and further exacerbating the condition of obesity.

To remedy this situation, a change of mindset among health professionals is essential. Health professionals must learn to treat obesity as a complex medical condition that requires a multidisciplinary approach, free of moral judgments and based on scientific evidence. Instead of focusing solely on weight, an integrated view must be taken that also considers the psychological, genetic and social factors that contribute to the patient's condition. Only with an attitude of empathy, listening and respect will the health care system be able to offer obese people the care and support they deserve, helping to improve not only their physical health but also their mental well-being.

Here are some scientific and academic sources that address the issue of obesity-related stigma in the health care sector, highlighting unequal treatment, biases, and the need for more empathetic and comprehensive approaches in the care of obese people:

1. Obesity Reviews
   
   • This study explores how the stigma associated with obesity affects the quality of health care. It is discussed how health professionals may unknowingly apply biases and stereotypes about obese patients, negatively affecting diagnosis and treatment.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - Weight Bias in Healthcare: The Impact of Obesity on Health Care Delivery.
2. International Journal of Obesity
   
   • This study examines the biases and discrimination that obese people face in the health care system. It discusses how these biases can lead to misdiagnosis, delays in treatment, and increased risk of emotional maltreatment, negatively affecting patients' health.
   • Source: International Journal of Obesity - Obesity-related discrimination in healthcare settings: A systematic review.
3. BMC Obesity
   
   • This article discusses how discrimination against obese people in the medical setting not only influences diagnoses, but can also increase the risk of avoiding health treatments, further worsening the obesity condition.
   • Source: BMC Obesity - Obesity stigma in healthcare: The role of clinicians in fostering or mitigating weight-based discrimination.
4. Social Science & Medicine
   
   • This study explores how body weight stigma affects the quality of health care by examining the phenomenon of medicalization of obesity, which often reduces the condition to a simple behavioral problem rather than a complex chronic disease.
   • Source: Social Science & Medicine - Stigma and discrimination in healthcare: The impact of obesity stigma on health service provision.
5. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
   
   • In this article, it is discussed how obesity-related biases can negatively affect medical treatment, focusing on issues of delayed diagnosis and treatment, particularly when obese patients present with severe symptoms of diseases not directly related to obesity.
   • Source: The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology - Obesity stigma in healthcare.
6. Journal of Obesity
   
   • This study analyzes the phenomenon of medicalization of the bodies of obese people, highlighting how the condition is often seen as an aesthetic problem, without considering the medical, psychological and social aspects, with negative consequences for the treatment and quality of life of patients.
   • Source: Journal of Obesity - Weight bias and obesity treatment.
7. Health Psychology
   
   • This article explores the influence of weight-related biases in the health care setting, with a focus on the psychological effects of stigma that may reduce patients' motivation to seek and follow medical treatment.
   • Source: Health Psychology - Weight stigma in healthcare settings: A barrier to effective treatment for obesity.

In culture: negative representation in the media

The portrayal of obesity in the media plays a crucial role in perpetuating the social stigma associated with this condition. The media, on many occasions, reduce obese people to caricature stereotypes and degrading figures, contributing to a narrative that does not reflect the complexity of their daily lives. Obese people are often depicted as objects of derision or as "buffoons," characters who are ridiculed in contexts that ignore the challenges and difficulties they face. These distorted images not only make obesity seem like a ridiculous condition, but also undermine the dignity and worth of the people who experience it, treating them as if they are inferior or worthy of being mocked.

This negative representation is far from innocent. It normalizes social stigma and contributes to the spread of prejudice in daily life. When the media poses obesity as an object of comedy or ridicule, it risks solidifying a view of the obese person as inferior, contributing to the discrimination these people experience in real life, both in social and professional contexts. The distorted images we see in the media not only fuel prejudice, but also prevent a more empathetic and scientific understanding of the condition.

Added to this is the widespread use of toxic humor in popular culture, which exploits heavy-handed and sarcastic jokes about obesity to entertain audiences. The depiction of obesity as an object of ridicule in sitcoms, movies, or television programs is often a strategy to elicit laughter at the expense of those living with the problem. This type of humor not only reinforces stereotypes but also has a devastating impact on the psychological well-being of obese people. The use of jokes that minimize or mock the difficulties associated with obesity makes it more difficult for obese people to feel accepted and respected in society. An environment is created in which shame and embarrassment prevail, limiting opportunities for inclusion and psychological well-being for these people.

Another problematic aspect is the invisibility of obese people in the media. Despite the increasing prevalence of obesity globally, obese people are still often portrayed in a marginal or stereotypical way. The stories we see in movies, TV series or advertising programs rarely offer an authentic and complete view of obese people's lives, excluding their experience and reducing their identities to a single physical characteristic. This lack of representation helps perpetuate prejudice and makes it more difficult for obese people to feel recognized, understood, and represented in a positive way in mainstream culture.

The cultural repercussions of these negative portrayals are serious and go far beyond the media. When the media and popular culture feed negative stereotypes, obese people become increasingly vulnerable to superficial and harmful judgments in daily life. They risk being marginalized, not only individually but also collectively, and often suffer further social isolation. The psychological impact of this stigma is devastating, and can lead to a vicious cycle of low self-esteem, social anxiety, and difficulty in coping with other life challenges.

Addressing this problem requires a profound change in the way the media treat obesity and obese people. A healthier, respectful and realistic portrayal of obesity needs to be promoted that does not reduce people to mere caricatures or figures to be ridiculed. Instead of perpetuating prejudice and stereotypes, the media should strive to tell more comprehensive stories that reflect the diversity and complexity of obese people's life experiences. Only in this way can we contribute to a more inclusive culture that does not discriminate or stigmatize based on body weight, and that allows each individual to be seen and respected for who he or she is, beyond physical appearance.

Here are some recognized scientific and academic sources exploring the portrayal of obesity in the media and its social, psychological and cultural impact:

1. Obesity Reviews
   
   • This study examines how the media represent obesity and the effect of these representations on social stigma. It discusses the role the media plays in reinforcing negative stereotypes and fueling prejudice against obese people, with significant psychological and social impacts.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - The role of mass media in obesity-related stigma: a review of the literature.
2. International Journal of Obesity
   
   • This study analyzes how the representation of obesity in the media may contribute to the spread of social stigma. The link between media, negative stereotypes of obesity, and discrimination in daily life is explored, as well as the psychological effects of such representations.
   • Source: International Journal of Obesity - The impact of media portrayals of obesity on perceptions and stigma.
3. Body Image: An International Journal of Research
   
   • This article discusses how the representation of obesity in the media contributes to a distorted view of the condition, often presented as an object of ridicule or humor. The effect of this content on the psychological well-being of obese people and the reinforcement of stereotypes is examined.
   • Source: Body Image - Media portrayals of obesity and their impact on body image and self-esteem.
4. Journal of Health Psychology
   
   • This study examines how obesity is treated in the media and the negative consequences these portrayals have on the social stigma and psychological well-being of obese people. It also discusses the role of humor in the media and the effect it has on public perception.
   • Source: Journal of Health Psychology - Obesity stigma and the role of media representations in public health.
5. Social Science & Medicine
   
   • This article explores how stereotypical representations of obesity in the media can fuel social stigma and how these influence the perception of obesity in obese people themselves. It also analyzes the psychological impact these representations have by fostering self-stigma and social isolation.
   • Source: Social Science & Medicine - The role of the media in promoting obesity stigma.
6. Journal of Communication
   
   • This study explores how the media represents obese people, examining how reduction to comic or derisive figures helps reinforce stereotypes. It also analyzes the consequences of such representation on the social perception of obesity and the daily experiences of obese people.
   • Source: Journal of Communication - The depiction of obesity in the media: A critical analysis of portrayals in film and television.
7. Psychology of Popular Media Culture
   
   • This study explores how humor and representations of obese people in the media can influence popular culture and reinforce social prejudice. The impact of these representations on societal attitudes toward obese people is discussed.
   • Source: Psychology of Popular Media Culture - Obesity and stigma in popular media: The impact of humor and stereotypes.
8. Media Psychology
   
   • This article examines how the negative portrayal of obesity in the media affects the social behavior and emotions of obese people. It discusses the importance of balanced and respectful representation of obesity in the media to combat stigma and improve the psychological well-being of obese people.
   • Source: Media Psychology - Stigmatization and media portrayals of obesity: Impact on public perception.

This stigma generates great psychological stress

The psychological consequences of obesity-related stigma are devastating and go far beyond the perception of one's body. Studies conducted by the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity have shown that the social judgment associated with obesity directly affects the mental health of people who are victims of it. Constant exposure to prejudice, discrimination and stereotypes contributes to the development of a range of psychological disorders from low self-esteem to social anxiety, from depression to eating disorders.

Psychological damage often begins with the internalization of social prejudices. Obese people, constantly exposed to messages that ridicule or marginalize them, end up believing that there is something wrong with them. This sense of inadequacy can undermine self-confidence and lead to negative self-perception. Constant judgments from society, especially if they come from friends, colleagues or even family members, feed the sense of shame and loneliness, preventing people from living their lives with serenity.

One of the most devastating effects is social anxiety. Obese people tend to avoid social situations for fear of being judged or laughed at. This withdrawal behavior can lead to increasing isolation, which reinforces the vicious cycle of stigma. Indeed, many people living with obesity fear that other people may ridicule them for their appearance, and avoiding social interactions becomes a strategy to protect themselves from emotional pain. But, paradoxically, this loneliness tends to make matters worse, as social isolation can increase depression and anxiety, creating an additional obstacle to any path of change.

In addition, stigma has a significant impact on eating behavior. Obese people, due to their psychological stress, may develop disordered eating behaviors, such as emotional binge eating, to cope with negative emotions such as sadness, frustration or shame. This phenomenon, known as "emotional eating," becomes a form of coping to manage psychological pain and perceived societal rejection. Unfortunately, this behavior not only does not solve the underlying emotional problem, but can also contribute to the perpetuation of obesity, further aggravating the condition.

The thought of not being accepted in society is one of the strongest reasons why many obese people fail to embark on a path of change. Fear of judgment may cause people to refrain from seeking help, as they fear being labeled as "weak" or "incapable." This attitude can prevent access to appropriate medical or psychological treatment, as the person believes that he or she is also "judged" in health care.

The psychological impact of stigma is profound and often invisible, but it is one of the main reasons why obese people find themselves trapped in a vicious cycle of suffering. In this scenario, self-compassion, psychological support, and greater societal understanding are essential to break the cycle of prejudice and enable those living with obesity to embark on a path of improvement and well-being. Addressing this stigma, therefore, is not just about the physical aspect, but involves a fundamental change in the cultural and social approach toward obese people, fostering greater empathy and inclusiveness.

Here are some recognized scientific sources that explore the psychological consequences of obesity-related stigma, such as anxiety, depression, and disordered eating behavior, and their impact on the mental health of obese people:

1. Journal of Health Psychology
   
   • This study explores how obesity-related stigma directly affects the mental health of obese people, with a focus on depression, social anxiety, and negative self-perception. How the internalization of social prejudices can lead to psychological and behavioral disorders is discussed.
   • Source: Journal of Health Psychology - Obesity stigma and its impact on psychological well-being: A review of the literature.
2. International Journal of Obesity
   
   • This article investigates the link between obesity-related social stigma and the development of psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression and eating disorders. It also examines how the experience of stigma can lead to dysfunctional coping behaviors, such as emotional eating.
   • Source: International Journal of Obesity - The psychological and behavioral consequences of obesity stigma: A systematic review.
3. Body Image: An International Journal of Research
   
   
   • This study examines how the internalization of obesity-related stigma affects mental health and eating behavior. It specifically discusses how shame and fear of social judgment may contribute to increasing social isolation and emotional binge eating behaviors.
   • Source: Body Image - Internalized weight stigma, emotional eating, and psychological distress.
4. Psychology of Popular Media Culture
   
   • This article explores the psychological consequences of obesity-related stigma, with a focus on self-stigma and social isolation. It also explores how obese people may resort to dysfunctional coping strategies, such as emotional eating, to cope with psychological stress.
   • Source: Psychology of Popular Media Culture - The psychological effects of obesity stigma: An emotional and cognitive perspective.
5. Social Science & Medicine
   
   • In this study, the psychological effects of obesity stigma are explored, with a particular focus on social anxiety, depression, and emotional eating. It is emphasized how continued exposure to prejudice and discrimination can contribute to the deterioration of mental health and the perpetuation of eating disorders.
   • Source: Social Science & Medicine - Weight stigma and its relationship to mental health in individuals with obesity.
6. Obesity
   
   • This article explores how obesity-related stigma can lead to a range of psychological and behavioral difficulties, including depression, anxiety, and disordered eating behavior. It also discusses how stigma affects obese people's willingness to seek medical and psychological support.
   • Source: Obesity Journal - The relationship between obesity stigma, psychological distress, and health behaviors.
7. Health Psychology Review
   
   • This study focuses on the psychological impact of obesity stigma, exploring in detail how social prejudice affects the mental health of obese people, contributing to disorders such as anxiety, depression, and self-sabotage through disordered eating.
   • Source: Health Psychology Review - Obesity stigma and its effects on mental health and behavior.
8. Journal of Obesity & Eating Disorders
   
   • This study analyzes the link between stigma and eating disorders, showing how self-stigma can lead to disordered eating behaviors such as binge eating, which become a psychological response to negative social judgments.
   • Source: Journal of Obesity & Eating Disorders - Stigma, psychological distress, and eating behaviors.

Breaking the cycle of stigma

The stigma attached to obesity represents one of the most serious and pervasive forms of social discrimination, affecting the mental, emotional, and physical health of those affected. The psychological consequences are devastating, but physically obese people can also suffer more intensely, as social isolation, low self-esteem and chronic anxiety can prevent them from seeking the support they need to improve their condition. In many cases, obese people are forced to live with a kind of "double stigma": one related to their physical appearance and one stemming from their inability to cope with or change their condition. This perpetuates a cycle of suffering that is difficult to break without a radical change in the social perception of obesity.

To break this cycle of stigma, it is critical that society realize the severity of prejudice and work to promote greater empathy and understanding toward obese people. The media, educational and health institutions, and public policy must adopt an inclusive and informed approach based on scientific facts rather than harmful stereotypes. Only then will it be possible to break down the invisible barriers that prevent people from seeking help, embarking on pathways to change, or receiving the appropriate treatment.

First, public policies must focus on support rather than stigmatization. This means promoting obesity prevention through educational campaigns that do not blame but inform about the causes and effects of obesity, including its genetic, psychological, and social components. Health policies should ensure that obese people receive appropriate medical treatment, without being judged or reduced to a label. Access to psychological, nutritional, and physical support services should be equitable and free of discrimination.

The media also play a crucial role in this battle against stigma. Representations of obese people in the media need to evolve, presenting whole individuals with a variety of experiences and stories, rather than reducing them to caricatures or objects of derision. Inclusive representations can help normalize the idea that the human body is different for each individual, and that obesity should not be seen as a disgrace, but as a condition that deserves respect and understanding.

Health care institutions need to be more aware of the biases that often influence diagnosis and treatment of obese people. Physicians and health professionals need to be trained to recognize obesity as a complex medical condition that can result from multiple factors and requires an empathetic and scientific approach. It is not enough to give general advice on nutrition and exercise; support is needed that includes psychological, emotional, and social aspects. Every individual should be treated with dignity, regardless of their weight, and given the support they need to deal with their health challenges.

Finally, on a personal level, each of us can do our part in abandoning judgments and preconceptions about obese people. Changing our perception and understanding of obesity, treating it as a medical condition and not a fault, is the first step in building a more inclusive society. Promoting compassion and sensitivity to others' experiences is critical to creating a healthier and more supportive environment where each person can feel accepted and respected.

Breaking the cycle of stigma is not only an act of social justice, but also a crucial step toward improving overall health and ensuring every individual's right to live a full and healthy life, free from the burden of prejudice.

To break the cycle of obesity-related stigma, there are multiple approaches to consider, involving changes in public policy, the media, the health sector, and at the personal level. Here are some scientific sources, recognized as reliable, that explore the need to break this cycle and promote a radical change in the social perception of obesity:

1. Obesity Reviews
   
   • This article explores public policies and strategies to combat obesity stigma, highlighting the importance of evidence-based educational campaigns that do not blame obese people but inform them about the genetic, psychological and social factors that contribute to the condition. It also discusses how health policies should ensure equitable access to treatments and supports without discrimination.
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - Policy approaches to reduce obesity stigma and improve health outcomes. 
2. International Journal of Obesity
   
   • This study examines the impact of obesity-related stigma on physical and mental health and proposes interventions based on more inclusive and less stigmatizing health policies. It is emphasized how health care institutions should address discrimination in medical treatment and how physicians should receive training in empathic and scientific approaches to obese people.
   • Source: International Journal of Obesity - Obesity stigma: A review of the evidence and intervention strategies.
3. Body Image: An International Journal of Research
   
   • This article discusses how the media help perpetuate the stigma of obesity and how more inclusive representations can change social perceptions. Strategies are explored to improve the representation of obese people in the media by emphasizing stories that show the complex and diverse experiences of obese individuals, rather than reducing them to caricatures.
   • Source: Body Image - Media representation of obesity and its effects on societal attitudes.
4. American Journal of Public Health
   
   • This study examines how stigma affects health care participation and mental health, and proposes that public policies focus on support rather than blame. Promoting inclusive and evidence-based policies is crucial to reducing the psychological and physical harm resulting from stigma.
   • Source: American Journal of Public Health - Reducing obesity stigma through policy interventions.
5. Health Psychology
   
   • In this study, how the stigma of obesity can be combated through psychological interventions and awareness programs is explored. The importance of promoting understanding of the condition of obesity as a complex, multifactorial medical problem, rather than as an individual fault, is emphasized.
   • Source: Health Psychology - Psychological interventions to reduce obesity stigma.
6. Psychology of Popular Media Culture
   
   • This article explores how humor in the media, which is often based on negative stereotypes about obesity, can be overcome with more respectful and inclusive portrayals of obese people. How cultural change through the media can foster greater empathy and reduce stigma is also discussed.
   • Source: Psychology of Popular Media Culture - Reducing stigma in the media: The role of representation in promoting inclusion.
7. Journal of Social Issues
   
   • This study focuses on social and cultural strategies to break the cycle of stigma. It proposes that society engage in profound cultural change, where obese people are treated with dignity and respect, and where evidence-based dialogue about obesity is promoted.
   • Source: Journal of Social Issues - Breaking the cycle of obesity stigma: Approaches for social change. 
8. Social Science & Medicine
   
   • This article explores how multidisciplinary health care approaches can help reduce the stigma associated with obesity, improving not only the physical health of obese people but also their mental health. It highlights how public policies should foster an empathetic and discrimination-free approach to obese people.
   • Source: Social Science & Medicine - Reducing obesity stigma in healthcare settings.

An invisible life: a typical day

Any other day: the daily reality of those living with obesity

Imagine waking up every day with a question that accompanies you, "How do I dress to look less big?" Not out of vanity, not to follow the fashions of the moment, but to try to avoid the inevitable judgment of others. It is not just an aesthetic issue, but a real defense strategy against the looks, comments, and perceptions of others. Every morning becomes another challenge to feel accepted, to try to go unnoticed in a society that tends to judge and label based on superficial stereotypes.

Arriving at work, the thought is not only whether you will be able to complete your tasks, but also whether your body will be accommodated in the right way. You look around, taking care to find a place where the bus seat is not too narrow, where the chair in the office does not seem too small for your body. The fear of being labeled or being seen as different accompanies you in every daily gesture, constantly making you feel out of place. These small everyday situations, which go unnoticed by many, become a constant source of anxiety and stress for those living with obesity.

At a restaurant, when the menu is in front of you, the choice of dish is not dictated by hunger or a craving for something particular. No, it is a thoughtful, often painful decision, dictated by fear of being judged. You choose the salad, not because it is the dish you like best, but because a pizza, a larger dish, would make you look "too much." This is not an economic or health issue, but an invisible burden: that of the stares you might attract, the conversations that might arise behind your back, the prejudices that already form before you can say a word. Shame becomes a part of you, a constant from which you can never free yourself.

Every step you take during the day is a negotiation between what you desire and what you fear. It is a constant negotiation between the desire to live normally, to enjoy the little daily joys, and the fear of being observed, judged, discarded. And even when you think you want to do something for your well-being, such as doing physical activity, shame becomes the first barrier. The fear that the gym or the park will become a stage for the judgment of others, a place where every movement is scrutinized with critical eyes, makes you give up. The laughter, the soft-spoken comments, and the faces gazing at you with an air of pity or contempt make you feel out of place, push you to give up.

But it is not just a question of how physically demanding it can be to move in a body that does not seem to be accepted by society. It is also a psychological issue: every activity, every step, every encounter with others becomes an internal battle. A struggle against the fear of rejection, against the thought that the world is constantly watching and judging you. The feeling of not belonging, of always being somewhat invisible and yet always under scrutiny, is a burden that is unseen but weighs daily.

This is not an isolated drama, but a reality that millions of people experience daily. It is not a rare episode, but a routine that, day after day, undermines their self-esteem, their serenity, and their ability to live fully. Obesity is not just a physical condition; it is a life experience marked by fear and shame, invisibility, and continual adjustment to a world that often does not welcome the diversity of bodies. It is not a tragedy to be mourned, but a reality to be faced and, above all, understood.

The life of those living with obesity is an invisible life, but it is no less painful. It is a life marked by daily challenges that go far beyond simple weight management. It is a life made up of silences, hidden glances, and renunciations that are unseen but lived every day. Awareness of this reality is the first step to begin to change social perceptions and create a space where all people, regardless of their bodies, can feel welcomed, respected, and free to be themselves.

To explore the daily reality of those living with obesity, there are numerous studies and articles that provide insights into the psychological, emotional, and social experiences of obese people. Scholarly sources that rigorously explore the daily difficulties, prejudices, and stigma that these people face include:

1. International Journal of Obesity
   This article explores the psychological repercussions of obesity stigma, highlighting how stigma affects not only the mental health of obese people but also their daily lives. It is analyzed how social judgments can cause anxiety, stress, and a continuous negotiation between personal desires and fears of being judged.
   
   • Source: International Journal of Obesity - The psychological and emotional impact of obesity stigma in daily life.
2. Obesity Reviews
   This study discusses how the social stigma associated with obesity affects daily life, limiting social and vocational opportunities for obese people. The study also explores how stigma affects daily decisions, such as meal choice or participation in physical activities.
   
   • Source: Obesity Reviews - Social stigma and its impact on the daily lives of individuals with obesity.
3. Health Psychology
   This article focuses on the impact of obesity stigma on the mental health and daily experiences of obese people, with a focus on loneliness, social isolation, and low self-esteem. How obesity affects self-perception and participation in daily activities, such as shopping, attending social events, and physical activity, is explored.
   
   • Source: Health Psychology - The daily emotional impact of obesity stigma and its implications for behavior.
4. Body Image: An International Journal of Research
   This study explores the psychological aspects related to body perception in obese people. It discusses how constant monitoring of one's body to avoid judgment from others negatively affects psychological well-being, leading to eating disorders and fear of being judged.
   
   • Source: Body Image - Body image, stigma, and the daily stress of individuals living with obesity.
5. Psychology of Popular Media Culture
   This article explores how the media influence the daily lives of obese people, amplifying their experience of discrimination and stigma. It is examined how representations of obese bodies in the media help reinforce the prejudices and difficulties obese people face in their everyday lives.
   
   • Source: Psychology of Popular Media Culture - Media representations of obesity and their impact on the daily life of individuals with obesity.
6. American Journal of Public Health
   This study discusses the everyday effects of obesity stigma, exploring how social discrimination affects everyday activities such as eating, shopping, or attending public events. It explores how public policies can reduce stigma and improve the daily lives of obese people.
   
   • Source: American Journal of Public Health - The effect of obesity stigma on daily life and public health interventions.
7. Social Science & Medicine
   This article explores the link between stigma, social isolation, and the daily lives of obese people. It focuses on how fear of being judged affects daily decisions, such as choosing to eat out, participate in social activities, or exercise, and how these daily experiences can lead to a life marked by shame and withdrawal.
   
   • Source: Social Science & Medicine - Daily experiences of social stigma and their effects on health and well-being in individuals with obesity.

The two basic messages

To the non-obese: learn to look better

If you have never been afraid to enter a test booth or choose what to eat at a restaurant without fear of being judged, know that you are in a privileged position. You have never had to calculate every step, every movement, every choice, with the fear that someone might be watching, labeling or criticizing you.

For those living with obesity, every day is a struggle against the gaze of others, against the prejudice that accompanies every gesture, every decision. From the choice of clothes to the choice of food, from the way one walks to the way one sits, every daily act is often measured not only from a personal perspective, but through the lens of a society that judges quickly and relentlessly. Total understanding is not called for, but at least the respect of not further feeding the burden one already carries.

Every word, every look, every joke can add an invisible but deep pain. And when words hurt, they can leave a mark that is hard to erase. A superficial comment, one too many laughs, a quick label, perhaps uttered without even thinking about it, can undermine the self-esteem and well-being of those who are already facing a personal struggle. Obesity, all too often, is a condition that is experienced in solitude, not so much because of a lack of companionship, but because of the difficulty of dealing with the burden of a judgment that has already taken root in the collective mind.

Looking better means not only seeing the body, but also looking for the story behind it. Because every body has a story, and every individual, regardless of his or her outward appearance, deserves to be seen for who he or she really is. And often, behind a body that may look like a simple "figure" to be reduced or corrected, there is much more: a complex life, a struggle against forces that are not always under the person's own control. The truth is that obesity is not just a matter of "will" or "bad habits," but a condition that intertwines biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors, and deserves respect and understanding.

Learning to look better means to stop reducing people to what you see, never forgetting that each person brings with him or her a life, a history, and challenges that no judgment can fully comprehend. It is never too late to step back, to reflect and to choose to look with more open eyes. Understanding is always a path that can be taken.

To those who are obese: you are not alone

You are not your weight. You are not your scale. You are not a mistake. These are messages you should hear every day, because society is used to defining a person by his or her body, but this does not represent you completely. It is not your body that determines your worth as a human being. Your dignity, your courage, your ability to love, and to be loved, do not depend on the number on the scale.

You have the right to respect, to health, to love. You have a right to live, not to survive. Your life deserves to be lived fully, with all the opportunities it offers, without having to live in the shadows or hide a part of you for fear of others' judgment. The fact that society has standards for beauty or health should not and cannot determine your self-esteem or define your existence.

Asking for help is not a weakness. It is strength. And you deserve all the support that can help you get better -- physically, psychologically, socially. There is nothing wrong with seeking professional help to improve your condition, whether physical or emotional. The path to a healthy life is often long and difficult, but every step you take, every small success you achieve, is a victory. And asking for support does not make you less capable; on the contrary, it shows the courage to face reality and the humility to ask for the hand that can lift you up.

Let's stop judging. Let's start listening. People do not choose obesity. No one chooses the pain, the fatigue, the stigma. But many, every day, choose to endure. To face the world with dignity, in a body that is often an object of judgment. Those living with obesity should not feel compelled to respond defensively to others, or to explain away their condition as if it were a fault. It is not they who must change to fit in with others, but it is society that must learn to accommodate diversity.

It is time to change our gaze. To move from prejudice to understanding, from sarcasm to support. The road to building a more just and inclusive society begins with each of us. We must learn to look with more caring, more empathetic, more human eyes. Everyday words, actions, and thoughts can make a difference. Whenever we choose not to judge, to be supportive, to look with eyes of understanding, we will help build a world in which every body, regardless of its shape or size, is respected and accepted.

Let us talk about obesity with humanity, awareness and respect. Only then can we truly contribute to a more just society, for all bodies. Because, at the end of the day, every person has the right to feel good about themselves, without having to hide or be ashamed of being who they are.

This article is only intended to offer food for thought regarding an issue that is too often silenced.